^I7S 
58 


WRIN  KLES 


LECTRIC  LIGHTING 


VINCENT   STEPHEN 


UC-NRLF 


fi33 


GIFT  OF 

R7 


BIB  AM  T.  BRADLEY, 


WEINKLES 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING. 


WRINKLE  S 


IN 


ELECTEIC  LIGHTING 


BY 


VINCENT   STEPHEN. 


E.  &  F.  N.  SPON,  125,  STEAND,  LONDON. 

NEW  YORK:   12,  CORTLANDT  STREET. 

1888. 


si 


\A  -nV^-^  ciLXt- 


INTRODUCTION. 


IN  the  following  pages  it  is  my  intention  to  give 
engineers  on  board  ship,  who  may  be  put  in  charge 
of  electric  lighting  machinery  without  having  any 
electrical  knowledge,  some  idea  of  the  manner  in 
which  electricity  is  produced  by  mechanical  means ; 
how  it  is  converted  into  light ;  what  precautions  must 
be  used  to  keep  the  plant  in  order,  and  what  to  do  in 
the  event  of  difficulties  arising.  I  do  not  therefore 
aim  at  producing  a  literary  work,  but  shall  try  and 
explain  everything  in  the  plainest  language  possible. 


464510 


CONTENTS. 


THE  ELECTRIC  CURRENT,  AND  ITS  PRODUCTION  BY 
CHEMICAL  MEANS. 

3 

Production  of  electric  current  in  chemical  battery — Cur- 
rent very  weak— Current  compared  to  circulation  of  the 
blood — Strength  and  volume  of  current — Pressure  not 
sufficient  without  volume — Action  of  current  is  instan- 
taneous— Resistance  to  the  passage  of  the  current — 
Copper  the  usual  metal  for  conductors — Heat  produced 
by  current  when  wire  is  too  small 

PRODUCTION  OF  ELECTRIC  CURRENTS  BY  MECHANICAL 

MEANS. 

Current  produced  by  mechanical  means  —  Alternating 
current — Magneto-electric  machines — Shock  produced 
by  interruption  of  current — The  current  must  be  com- 
mutated — Description  of  commutator — Current,  though 
alternating  in  the  dynamo,  is  continuous  in  the  circuit — 
Continuous  current  used  for  electro-plating 

Dynamo- Electric  Machines. 

Current  will  magnetise  an  iron  or  steel  bar — Permanent 
magnet  —  Electro-magnet  —  Where  the  magneto  and 
dynamo  machines  differ — Armature  of  so-called  con- 
tinuous-current dynamo — TyPe  °f  commutator — Com- 
mutator brushes — Current  continuous  in  the  circuit — 
Alternating-current  dynamos — Current  not  commutated 


WRINKLES 


IN 


ELECTEIC   LIGHTING. 


FIG.  1. 


THE  ELECTRIC  CURRENT,  AND  ITS  PRODUCTION 
BY  CHEMICAL  MEANS. 

IT  will  first  be  necessary   to  explain  how  electric  Production 
currents  are  produced  by  means  of  chemicals.     In  a  of  electric 

*  current 

jar  A,  Fig.  1,  are  placed  two  plates  B  and  C,  one  in  chemical 

zinc,  and  the  other  copper,  each  having  connected 

to  it  at  the  top  a  copper  wire  of  any 

convenient   length.     The    plates  are 

kept  in  position  by  means  of  pieces 

of  wood,  and  the  jar  is   about   half 

filled   with   a  solution   of    salt    and 

water,  or  sulphuric  acid  and  water ; 

if  then  the   two  wires  are  joined,  a 

current  of  electricity  at  once  flows  through  them, 

however  long  they  may  be.     The  current  produced  current 

in  this  manner  is  very  weak,  and  does  not  even  keep  veiT  weak- 

what  strength  it  has  for  any  length  of  time,  but 

rapidly  gets  weaker  until  quite  imperceptible.     The 


2  '  i^EINKL-ES  IN   ELECT  tfIC   LIGHTING. 


Current 
compared 
to  circula- 
tion of  the 
blood. 


Strength 
and 

volume  of 
current. 


current  is,  however,  continuous;  that  is,  it  flows 
steadily  in  the  one  direction  through  the  wire,  and 
may  be  used  for  ringing  bells,  or  for  other  purposes 
where  a  feeble  current  only  is  required  to  do  inter- 
mittent work.  The  wire  E  in  connection  with  the 
copper  plate  is  called  the  positive  lead,  and  the 
other  the  negative,  and  the  current  is  said  to  flow 
from  the  copper  plate,  through  the  wire  E  through 
the  circuit  to  D,  and  thence  to  the  zinc  plate,  and 
through  the  liquid  to  the  copper  plate.  The  current 
has  often  been  compared  to  water  flowing  through 
a  pipe,  but  I  think  it  can  be  better  compared  to  the 
blood  in  the  human  body,  which  through  the  action 
of  the  heart  is  continually  forced  through  the 
arteries  and  veins  in  one  steady  stream.  There  is, 
however,  this  difference,  that  there  is  no  actual  pro- 
gression of  matter  in  the  electric  current,  it  being 
like  a  ripple  on  water,  which  moves  from  end  to 
end  of  a  lake  without  the  water  itself  being  moved 
across.  Now  that  I  have  given  you  an  idea  of  how 
the  current  acts,  I  must  try  and  explain  how 
different  degrees  of  strength  and  volume  are  obtained. 
In  the  first  place,  let  us  consider  what  constitute 
strength  and  volume  in  an  electric  current,  or  at 
least  try  and  get  a  general  notion  about  them.  For 
this  purpose  I  shall  compare  the  electric  current  to 
water  being  forced  through  a  pipe ;  and  the  strength 
of  the  electric  current,  or  electromotive  force, 
written  for  short  E.M.F.,  will  be  like  the  pressure  of 


WKINKLES   IN    ELECTKIC   LIGHTING.  3 

water  at  any  part  of  the  pipe.  Two  pipes  may  carry 
different  quantities  of  water,  and  yet  the  pressure 
may  be  the  same  in  each ;  in  one  a  gallon  of  water 
may  pass  a  given  point  in  the  same  time  that  a  pint 
passes  the  same  point  in  the  other,  and  yet  in  each 
case  the  different  quantities  may  pass  that  point  at 
the  same  speed.  Thus  in  electricity,  two  currents 
may  be  of  different  volume  or  quantity,  measured 
in  amperes,  and  yet  be  of  the  same  E.M.F. 
measured  in  volts ;  or  they  may  be  of  different 
E.M.F.,  or  pressure,  or  intensity,  and  yet  be  of  the 
same  volume.  If  any  work  is  to  be  done  by  the 
water  forced  through  a  pipe,  such  as  turning  a 
turbine,  it  is  evident  that  pressure  of  itself  is  not 
sufficient,  seeing  that  a  stream  an  inch  in  diameter 
may  be  at  the  same  pressure  as  another  a  foot  in 
diameter.  So  with  the  electric  current,  if  work  is  to 
be  done,  such  as  driving  a  motor  or  lighting  a  lamp, 
it  is  not  sufficient  to  have  a  certain  E.M.F. ;  there 
must  be  quantity  or  volume  in  proportion  to  the  Pressure 
amount  of  work,  so  that  if  it  takes  a  given  quantity  sufficient 
to  work  one  lamp,  it  will  take  twice  that  quantity  to  ^urnf 
work  two  lamps  of  the  same  kind.  It  must  not  be 
inferred  from  this,  that  if  one  lamp  requires  a  certain 
E.M.F.,  that  two  lamps  will  require  it  to  be  doubled, 
as  such  is  not  the  case,  except  under  certain  condi- 
tions which  I  will  explain  later  on. 

The  action  of    electricity   is   practically   instan-  Action  of 

current  is 

taneous  in  any  length  of  wire,  so  that  if  the  current  instanta- 

B  2 


WRINKLES   IN   ELECTRIC   LIGHTING. 


Resistance 


current. 


is  used  to  ring  two  bells  a  mile  apart,  but  connected 
by  wires,  they  will  commence  to  ring  simulta- 
neously. I  have  so  far  not  said  anything  about 
resistance  to  the  passage  of  the  current  through  the 
wires.  I  shall  therefore  refer  again  to  our  com- 
parison of  the  current  to  water  forced  through  a 
pipe,  and  you  will  agree  that  a  certain  sized  pipe 
will  only  convey  a  'certain  amount  of  water  in  a 
given  time.  If  a  larger  quantity  is  to  be  conveyed 
in  the  same  time,  a  greater  pressure  must  be  applied, 
or  a  larger  pipe  must  be  used. 

It  is  evident  that  increasing  the  size  of  the  pipe 
will  get  over  the  difficulty  more  readily  than  in- 
creasing the  pressure  of  the  water.  The  pipes 
themselves  offer  a  certain  resistance  to  the  passage 
of  the  water  through  them,  in  the  shape  of  friction  ; 
so  that  if  an  effect  is  to  be  produced  at  a  distance, 
rather  more  pressure  is  required  than  if  it  is  done 
close  at  hand,  so  as  to  make  up  for  the  loss  sustained 
by  friction. 

Much  the  same  may  be  said  of  the  electric 
current  '  a  certain  S^ZQ^  wire  will  only  carry  a 
certain  current,  and  if  more  current  is  required,  a 
thicker  wire  must  be  used  to  convey  it,  or  it  must 
be  of  a  greater  E.M.F.  It  is  usually  more  con- 
venient to  increase  the  thickness  of  the  wire 
than  to  increase  the  E.M.F.  of  the  current.  The 
wire  offers  a  certain  resistance  to  the  passage  of  the 
current  through  it,  which  may  be  compared  to 


WRINKLES   IN   ELECTRIC   LIGHTING.  5 

friction,  and  this  resistance  varies  according  to  trie 
metal  of  which  it  is  composed.  Copper  is  the  metal  Copper  the 
in  ordinary  use  for  wires  for  electric  lighting  pur- 
poses,  and  the  purer  it  is  the  better  will  ij;  convey 
the  current.  Iron  is  used  for  telegraph  wires  on 
account  of  cheapness,  the  current  used  being  so 
small  that  this  metal  conveys  it  readily  enough;  if 
copper  were  used,  the  wires  will  only  require  to 
be  about  one-third  the  diameter  of  the  iron  ones. 
The  following  are  the  respective  values  for  electrical 
conductivity  of  various  metals  when  pure,  taking 
silver  as  a  standard : — Silver  100,  copper  99  '9,  gold 
80,  zinc  29,  brass  22,  iron  16 '8,  tin  13  -1,  lead  8 '3, 
mercury  1*6. 

If  a  wire  is  made  to  convey  a  current  which  is  too  Heat  pro- 
large  for  its  electrical  capacity,  it  will  get  heated,  current7 
which  decreases  its  conductivity,  with  the  result  ^^ 
that  the  heat  increases  until  finally  the  wire  fuses,  small. 
I  shall  have  more  to  say  about  this  when  speaking 
of  electric  lighting. 


PRODUCTION  OF  ELECTRIC  CURRENTS  BY 
MECHANICAL  MEANS. 

Magneto-electric  Machines. 

I  have  shown  how  the  electric  current  is  produced 
by  the  action  of  chemical  or  primary  batteries,  and 
how  this  current  will  flow  through  suitable  con- 


WRINKLES   IN   ELECTRIC   LIGHTING. 


Current 
produced 
by  me- 
chanical 
means. 


Alter- 
nating 
current. 


Magneto- 
electric 
machines. 


ductors.  I  shall  now  explain  how  mechanical  power 
may  be  converted  into  electricity.  It  has  been 
found  that  if  a  wire,  preferably  of  copper,  of  which 
the  ends  are  joined  together,  is  moved  past  a  magnet 
a  current  is  induced  in  the  wire,  flowing  in  one 
direction  while  the  wire  is  approaching  the  magnet, 
and  in  the  opposite  direction  while  it  is  receding 
from  it.  This  is  then  not  a  continuous  current  like 
we  obtained  from  the  chemical  battery,  but  an  alter- 
nating one,  and  you  will  see  later  on  how  it  can  be 
made  to  produce  similar  effects.  The  oftener  the 
wire  passes  the  magnet  the  more  electricity  is 
generated,  so  that  if  we  make  a  coil  of  the  wire  and 
move  a  large  number  of  parts  of  wire  past  at  one 
time,  the  effects  on  each  part  are  accumulated ;  and 
if  instead  of  having  one  magnet  to  pass  before, 
we  have  several,  the  effects  will  be  doubled  or 
trebled,  &c.,  in  proportion  to  the  number.  If,  again, 
the  coil  is  moved  at  an  increased  speed  past  the 
magnets,  the  effects  will  be  still  further  increased. 

The  knowledge  of  these  facts  led  to  the  con- 
struction of  the  various  magneto-electric  machines, 
of  which  a  familiar  type  is  seen  in  those  small  ones 
used  for  medical  purposes.  They  contain  a  large 
horse-shoe  magnet,  close  to  the  end  of  which  two 
bobbins  of  copper  wire  are  made  to  revolve  at  a  high 
speed,  and  all  who  have  used  these  machines  know 
that  the  more  quickly  they  turn  the  handle  the 
greater  shock  the  person  receives  who  is  being 


WKINKLES  IN  ELECTKIC   LIGHTING. 


operated   upon.     The   current   generated   is  really  Shock  pro- 
very  feeble,  the  shock  being  produced  by  interrupt-  interrup- 


ing  it  at  every  half  revolution  by  means  of  a  small 

spring  or  other  suitable  mechanism.     If  the  current 

is  not  so  interrupted,  it  cannot  be  felt  at  all,  which 

may  be   proved   by  lifting   up   the   spring   on  the 

spindle  of  the  ordinary  kind.     The  current  is  an 

alternating  one,  and  changes  its  direction  through- 

out the  circuit,  however  extended  it  may  be,  at  every 

half  revolution.     If  it  is   required  to  have   a   con-  The  cur- 

tinuous  current,  use  must  be  made  of  what  is  termed  b^eom^8* 

a  commutator,  and   I   shall   endeavour   to   explain  mutated- 

the  manner  in  which  it  acts  as  simply  as  possible. 

Without  going   into  any  further   details  as  to  the 

construction  of  the  bobbins,  and  their  action  at  any 

particular  moment,  I  shall  content  myself  with  say- 

ing that  if  the  wire  on  the  two  bobbins  is  continuous, 

and  the  ends  are  connected,  the  current  will  flow 

one  way  during  half  a  revolution,  and  the  other  way 

during   the   other   half.     Now,  in   Fig.  2,   on    the  Description 

FIG.  2. 


spindle  A  on  which  the  bobbins  are  fixed,  is  fitted  a  of  corn- 
split  collar  formed  of  two  halves  B  and  C,  to  which  are 
joined  respectively  the  ends  of  the  wires  4-  and  — . 


8 


WRINKLES   IN   ELECTRIC  LIGHTING. 


This  collar  is  insulated  from  the  spindle  by  a 
suitable  insulating  material,  that  is  to  say,  a  material 
which  does  not  conduct  electricity,  such  as  wood, 
ivory,  &c.,  and  is  represented  in  Fig.  2  by  the  dark 
parts  D.  So  far  the  circuit  is  not  complete,  so  that 
however  quickly  you  turn  the  machine  no  current  is 
produced.  If,  however,  some  means  is  employed  for 
joining  B  and  C  by  a  conductor,  the  alternating 
current  is  produced  as  before.  In  Fig.  3,  I  show  a 

FIG.  3. 


section  through  BAG.  On  a  base  E  made  of  wood, 
are  fixed  two  metal  springs  F  and  G,  which  are 
made  to  press  against  B  and  C  respectively ;  wires 
are  connected  at  H  and  K,  which,  joined  together, 
complete  the  circuit.  A  continuous  current  is  said 
to  be  -f-  or  positive  where  it  leaves  a  battery,  and  - 
or  negative  where  it  returns ;  it  will  be  convenient 
to  use  these  signs  and  terms  in  the  following  expla- 
nation. At  one  portion  of  the  revolution  the  spindle 
will  be  in  the  position  shown  in  Fig.  3,  and  the  + 
current  is  flowing  into  B,  through  F,  to  the  terminal 
H,  thence  through  the  circuit  to  the  terminal  K, 


WEINKLES   IN  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING.  9 

through  Gr  to  C,  and  so  back  through  the  -  wire  to  Current 

the  bobbins  of  the  machine.     In  Fig.  4  the  spindle  alternating 
has  made  a  half  revolution,  bringing  B  in  contact  with 

G,  and  C  with  F.    But  by  this  half  turn  the  current  is  conti™- 

7  *  nn«i  Tn   T.  hp 


ous  in 


is  reversed  in  the  bobbins,  and  the  +  current  flows  circuit. 
into  C,  through  F,   to  terminal  H  as  before,  and 
through  the  circuit  to  K,  through  G  and  B,  back  to 
the  bobbins.     Thus  you  see  that  in  the  circuit  the 
current  will  be  always  in  the   same   direction,  or 

FIG.  4. 


continuous,  although  in  the  bobbins  it  is  alter- 
nating, and  may  be  used  for  any  purpose  for  which 
a  continuous  current  is  required,  such  as  electro-  Continuous 

current 
plating,  &C.  used  for 

There  are  various  forms  of  the  magneto-electric  plating". 
machines,  as  well  as  of  commutators,  but  the  fore- 
going shows  the  general  principle  of  them  all. 


Dynamo-electric  Machines. 

It  will  now  be  necessary  to  explain  the  nature  of 
a  dynamo-electric  machine,  called,  for  shortness,  a 


10 


WRINKLES   IN   ELECTEIC   LIGHTING. 


Current 
will  mag- 
netise an 


dynamo,  and  to   show   in  what   it   differs   from    a 
magneto-electric  machine. 

I  have  explained  how  an  electric  current  is  pro- 
duced by  a  wire  passing  in  front  of  a  magnet ;  now, 
this  magnet  may  either  be  of  the  ordinary  kind,  or  it 
may  be  what  is  termed  an  electro-magnet.  One  of 
the  effects  which  electricity  can  be  made  to  produce 
is  the  magnetising  of  steel  bars  to  form  the  ordinary 
and  well-known  permanent  magnets  which  are  used 
in  ships'  compasses,  &c.  To  produce  this  effect,  part 
of  the  wire  in  a  circuit  is  made  into  a  spiral  as  in 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  5. 


Permanent 
magnet. 


Electro- 
magnet. 


The  steel  rod  to  be  magnetised  is  placed  within  the 
spiral,  and  a  continuous  current  of  electricity  is  then 
sent  through  the  wire,  which  causes  the  rod  to  become 
magnetised  with  a  North  pole  at  one  end,  and  a  South 
pole  at  the  other.  The  more  current  is  passed 
through  the  circuit,  and  the  more  turns  are  in  the 
spiral,  the  more  quickly  and  strongly  is  the  rod 
magnetised ;  and  it  will  retain  its  magnetism  for  an 
indefinite  time  if  made  of  suitable  steel.  There  is  a 
point  at  which  the  metal  is  said  to  be  saturated  with 
magnetism,  and  the  strength  it  has  then  acquired 
will  be  that  which  it  will  retain  afterwards,  although 
while  under  the  influence  of  the  current  that  strength 
may  be  considerably  exceeded.  If  instead  of  a  steel 


WKINKLES   IN   ELECTEIC   LIGHTING.  11 

rod  one  of  iron  is  placed  in  the  spiral,  and  the 
current  is  passed  through  as  before,  it  will  be 
magnetised  in  the  same  manner ;  but  as  soon  as  the 
current  is  stopped,  the  rod  loses  almost  all  its 
magnetism,  and  if  the  current  is  then  passed  in  the 
opposite  direction  the  rod  will  be  magnetised  in  the 
opposite  way.  The  softer  and  more  homogeneous  is 
the  iron,  the  more  instantaneously  will  it  acquire 
and  lose  its  magnetism,  and  the  greater  strength  of 
magnetism  it  is  able  to  acquire.  An  iron  bar,  round 
which  are  wound  a  large  number  of  turns  of  insulated 
or  covered  wire,  constitutes  an  electro-magnet.  The 
difference  then  between  a  magneto-electric  and  a  Where  the 
dynamo-electric  machine  is,  that  in  the  former  ™adgne1 
permanent  magnets  are  used,  and  in  the  latter  ^an^n°es 
electro-magnets  take  their  place.  I  do  not  intend  differ, 
to  go  into  particulars  as  to  the  construction  of  the 
various  dynamos  in  present  use,  as  there  are  many 
books  to  be  had  in  which  these  machines  are  fully 
described.  I  need  merely  say  that  in  the  so-called 
continuous-current  dynamos,  the  whole  or  part  of 
the  current  produced  is  made  to  pass  through  the 
coils  of  the  electro-magnets,  thus  inducing  in  them 
the  required  magnetism.  I  showed  how,  in  the 
magneto-electric  machine,  the  currents  are  collected 
by  means  of  a  commutator,  and  it  is  evident  that  in 
Figs.  2,  3,  and  4  there  might  be  separate  wires 
coming  from  each  bobbin  to  B  and  C ;  and  if  there 
were  more  than  two  bobbins,  there  might  still  be 


12 


WRINKLES   IN   ELECTRIC   LIGHTING. 


current 
dynamo. 


two  wires  from  each  to  B  and  C.     On  the  other 

hand  the  collecting  collar  might  be  split  into  more 

sections ;  in  fact  there  might  be  as  many  sections  as 

bobbins.     To  show  how  the  current  is  collected  in 

continuous-current  dynamos,  I  must  give   a   short 

Armature     explanation  of  the  revolving  part  or  armature  of  a 

±"n±s.  standard  type  of  machine.    ' 

In  Fig.  6  is  shown  a  horse-shoe  magnet,  with  its 
North  and  South  poles,  N  and  S.   Between  these  poles 
is  made  to  revolve  the  arma- 
ture, composed  of  a  number 
of  coils  of  wire  made  to  form 
a  ring  like  a  life-buoy.    The 
ends   of  the  wires   are   made 
to   lie  along  a  collar  on   the 
spindle,  made  of  some  insulat- 
ing material,  each  wire  being 
parallel  to  its  neighbour,  and  kept  separate  from  it, 
as  shown  in  Fig.  7. 

FIG.  7. 


FIG.  6. 


Type  of 
commu- 
tator. 


These  wires  are  so  arranged  that  if  one  end  of  a 
sectional  coil  is  on  top  of  the  spindle  at  a  given 
moment,  the  other  will  be  on  the  under  side.  If 


WRINKLES   IN   ELECTEIC   LIGHTING. 


13 


then,  as  shown  in  Fig.  7,  a  rubber  of  copper,  made  in 
the  form  of  a  brush  of  copper  wire  for  convenience,  Commu- 
is  placed  in  contact  with  the  upper  part  of  the  com- 
mutator  collar,  and  another  similar  one  with  the 
lower,  it  is  evident  the  circuit  will  be  completed  in 
the  same  manner  as  before  explained. 

FIG.  8. 


Edison  Dynamo. 

A  wire  which  is  +  when  above  the  spindle,  will 
be  —  when  below  it,  and  as  the  spindle  revolves  the 
current  changes  in  the  various  wires  from  —  to  + 


Current 
continuous 
in  the 
circuit. 


14  WRINKLES   IN   ELECTRIC   LIGHTING. 

as  they  reach  the  top,  so  that  it  will  always  there- 
fore be  +  in  the  upper  brush  and  —  in  the  lower 
one,  and  will  accordingly  be  continuous  through  the 
circuit.  It  will  be  seen  in  the  illustrations  of  various 
continuous-current  dynamos,  that  though  their  shape 
and  arrangement  differ,  the  mode  of  collecting  the 
current  is  much  about  the  same  as  I  have  described 
above.  Figs.  8  and  9  show  some  of  the  continuous- 
current  dynamos  at  present  in  use. 

FIG.  9. 


Alter- 
nating- 
current 
dynamos. 


Brush  Dynamo. 

I  will  now  explain  the  nature  of  an  alternating- 
current  dynamo. 

The  principal  difference  between  the  continuous- 
and  alternating-current  dynamo,  is  in  the  number  of 
magnets  used.  Most  of  the  former  have  only  four 
magnets,  while  the  latter  have  frequently  as  many 
as  thirty-two.  In  reality,  as  I  have  shown,  these 
are  all  alternating-current  dynamos,  only  that  in 
the  so-called  continuous-current  ones,  the  current  is 


WRINKLES   IN  ELECTRIC   LIGHTING.  15 

commutated,  whereas  in  the  others  it  is  not,  but  is  Current 

.  i  T  .  not  com- 

USed  as  it  is  produced.    In  the  principal  alternating-  mutated. 

current  dynamos,  a  number  of  small  magnets,  usually 
sixteen,  are  attached  to  a  framework  ^  directly 
opposite  a  similar  number  of  others  of  the  same 
size,  the  space  between  the  ends  being  only  about 
an  inch  or  two.  These  are  all  electro-magnets,  and 
are  wound  in  such  manner  that  when  excited  by  a 
current,  every  alternate  one  shall  have  the  same 
magnetism,  as  in  Fig.  10,  and  every 
opposite  one  a  contrary  magnetism.  FlG-  10- 

This  produces  an  intense  magnetic  intense 

field  between  the  ends  of  the  mag-      ™~  ^ifplo- 

nets,  and  in  this  space  revolves  the  duced- 

armature.  This  armature,  in  the  -^^^  ^^^ 
Siemens  dynamo,  is  composed  of 
a  disc  having  as  many  bobbins  on  the  periphery  as 
there  are  magnets  on  each  side  of  the  dynamo.  As 
each  bobbin  approaches  each  magnet  a  current  is 
induced  in  one  direction,  which  is  reversed  when  the 
bobbin  recedes ;  thus  an  alternating  current  is  pro- 
duced, which  is  collected  by  connecting  the  ends  to 
insulated  rings  or  collars  on  the  spindle,  and  having 
small  copper  brushes  or  rubbers  in  contact  with 
them.  In  the  Ferranti  dynamo,  the  armature  is 
quite  different,  and  much  more  simple,  as  compari-  Simplicity 

SOn  Of  FigS.  11  and  12  will  show.  a™™" 

It  consists  of  a  copper  tape  bent  in  and  out  so  as  to 
form  a  sort  of  star  with  eight  arms,  the  number  of 


16 


WRINKLES   IN   ELECTRIC  LIGHTING. 


Large 
number  of 
alterna- 
tions of  the 
current. 


layers  of  insulated  copper  tape  being  from  ten  to 
thirty,  according  to  requirements.  The  centre  is 
made  in  a  similar  shape  with  bolts  or  rivets  holding 
each  convolution  in'  place.  The  two  ends  of  the 


FIG.  11. 


FIG.  12. 


Siemens  Armature. 


Ferranti  Armature. 


tape  are  attached  respectively  to  two  collector-rings 
on  the  spindle,  against  which  press  two  solid  metal 
rubbers  which  carry  off  the  current  for  use  in  the 
circuit.  It  can  be  shown  that  as  each  arm  approaches 
a  magnet  a  current  will  be  induced  in  one  direction, 
which  will  be  reversed  as  each  arm  recedes;  and 
therefore  an  alternating  current  will  be  produced. 
As  there  are  sixteen  magnets  for  the  armature  to 
pass  at  each  revolution,  there  must  be  sixteen  alter- 
nations of  the  current  during  the  same  time,  so  that 
if  the  speed  of  the  armature  is  500  revolutions  per 
minute,  there  will  be  500  x  16  =  8000  alternations 
in  one  minute.  These  alternations  being  so  ex 


WKINKLES   IN   ELECTRIC   LIGHTING. 


17 


tremely  rapid,  when  this  current  is  used  for  electric 
lighting,  the  steadiness  of  the  light  will  be  in  no 
way  affected,  but  will  remain  as  constant  as  with  a 
continuous  current. 

FIG.  13. 


Siemens  Alternating  Dynamo. 

The  alternating  current  produced  by  these  dynamos 
cannot  be  used  for  exciting  an  electro-magnet,  as  the 
magnetism  would  be  reversed  at  every  alternation ; 
a  separate  small  dynamo  of  the  continuous  type  is 
therefore  used  as  an  exciter  to  magnetise  all  the 
electro-magnets  in  the  field,  and  it  is  usually  coupled 
on  to  the  same  spindle,  and  therefore  goes  at  the 
same  speed  as  the  alternating-current  dynamo.  The 
exciter  is  usually  of  a  size  to  be  able  to  do  alone 

c 


Alter- 
nating cur- 
rent cannot 
be  used  to 
excite  an 
electro- 
magnet. 

Exciter 
coupled  on 
to  same 
spindle  as 
dynamo. 


18 


WKINKLES  IN  ELECTEIC  LIGHTING. 


Power  of  about  one-tenth  to  one-twentieth  of  the  work  that 
used  alone,  the  larger  machines  does  in  the  way  of  lighting  ;  so 
that  if  from  any  cause  the  latter  is  disabled  while 
the  ship  lighted  by  it  is  at  sea,  the  exciter  may  be 
used  alone  to  do  a  portion  of  the  lighting,  in  the  first- 
class  saloon  for  instance.  This  can  only  be  done  if 
the  exciter  is  so  constructed  as  to  give  the  proper 
E.M.F.  that  the  lamps  require. 


FIG.  14. 


Ferranti  Alternating  Dynamo. 

Figs.  13  and  14  are  illustrations  of  two  of  the 
alternating  current  dynamos  in  use  on  board  ship 
and  elsewhere. 


WRINKLES   IN   ELECTEIC   LIGHTING.  19 


ELECTRIC  LAMPS. 

I  have  explained  how  power  can  be  converted  into 
electric  currents,  either  continuous  or  alternating,  Production 
and  I  must  now  show  how  these  currents  can  be  ?.f  f1  ectnc 

light. 

applied  to  the  production  of  light. 

The  current  may  be  used  to  produce  an  are  light  in  Arc  lights. 
the  following  manner : — Two  carbon  rods,  A  and  B, 
are  held  by  suitable  means  in  the  position  shown  in 
Fig.  15,  and  the  two  wires  from  a  dynamo  are  joined 
respectively  to  A  and  B,  the  upper  one 
always  being  the  positive  lead  when  a       FlG-  15< 
continuous  current  is  used.     When  the        i 
current  is  sent  through  the  circuit,  it 
passes  through   the  carbons  A  and  B, 
which  are  conductors.    Immediately  this 

occurs,  suitable  mechanism  in  the  lamp, ~ 

being  acted  on  by  the  current,  or  by 
hand  in  the  case  of  search-lights,  or  by  clock-work, 
moves  the  two  carbons  a  small  distance  apart,  with 
the  consequence  that  a  dazzling  arc  of  light  is  formed 
between  them.     If  the  carbons  get  too  far  apart,  the  Mechanism 
mechanism  brings  them  nearer  together  again,  and  carbons!^ 
on  the  delicacy  with  which   it   acts,  depends   the 
steadiness  of  the  light.     It  would  be  useless  to  ex- 
plain how  this  mechanism  acts,  as  it  is  in  a  different 
form  in  each  maker's  lamp.     Some  lamps  have  been  Some 
constructed  for  use  with  an  alternating  current,  but 
with   the    majority  a   continuous  current   is   used.  alternating 

J          •*  current. 

2  c 


20 


WRINKLES   IN  ELECTEIC   LIGHTING. 


When  car- 
bons are 
consumed 
light  goes 
out. 


Arc  lamp 
very  com- 
plicated. 


FIG.  16. 


n 


Jablochkoff 

candle. 


While  an  arc  light  is  burning  the  carbons  waste 
away,  the  upper  one  more  rapidly  than  the  lower, 
and  the  mechanism  has  to  approach  them  constantly 
to  make  up  for  this  waste. 

When  the  carbons  are  consumed  as  far  as  con- 
venient, an  automatic  arrangement  cuts  off  the 
current,  and  the  light  goes  out ;  or  it  diverts  the 
current  to  another  set  of  carbons,  which  at  once 
light  up.  The  carbons  are 
made  in  suitable  lengths  to 
last  a  certain  number  of  hours, 
four,  six,  eight,  &c.  In  Fig. 
16  is  shown  an  arc  lamp  com- 
plete. 

An  arc  lamp  is  of  necessity 
a  complicated  affair,  which  it 
is  not  advisable  to  have  on 
board  ship,  except  where  an 
electrician  is  engaged  perma- 
nently. 

Another  way  of  producing 
light  is  to  use  the  current  in 

O 

what  is  called  an  elestric  candle, 
of  which  a  familiar  type  is  the 
Jablochkoff  candle. 

Fig.  17  shows  the  form  of 
this  candle,  A  and  B  being 


Arc  Lamp  Complete. 


two  carbon  rods  parallel  to  one  another,  and  joined, 
but  at  the  same  time  insulated  from  one  another 


WRINKLES   IN   ELECTEIC   LIGHTING.  21 

by  kaolin,  a  sort  of  chalky  substance,  which  is  a  non- 
conductor. 

The  wires  C  and  D  from  the  dynamo  are  joined 
respectively  to  A  and  B  through  metallic,  supports, 
as  in  an  arc  lamp,  and  when  the 
current  is  turned  on  it  flows  through         FlG- 17- 
C  A  and  across  by  a  small  strip  of 
carbon  E  to  B  and  D  back  to  the 
dynamo.     The  strip  E  is  only  large 
enough  to  carry  the  current  across  -— — 
for  a  moment,  and  is  immediately 

consumed,   but    an  arc   of    light    is   then    formed  Arc  formed 
between  the  carbons  as  in  the  arc  lamp.     As  the  tje™r- 
carbons   consume,   the    kaolin    in    between    burns  bons- 
away,  just  in  the  same  manner  as,  in  an  ordinary 
candle,  the  wick   is  consumed   and  the  wax  melts 
and  burns  away,  except  that  in  the  latter  case  the 
wax  feeds  the  light,  whereas  the  kaolin  is  only  used 
to  keep  the  carbons  the  required  distance  apart  and 
the  arc  of  light  from  running  down  them.     It  is 
evident  that  the  carbons  must  be  consumed  equally,  Candles 
for  which  reason  use  must  be  made  of  the  alternating  alternating 
current.     Any  unsteadiness  that  occurs  in  the  light  current 
produced    is    consequent   on    unsteadiness   of    the 
current,  or  impurities  in  the  carbons,  &c.5  there  being 
no  mechanism  of  any  kind  required.     These  candles 
do  not  give  such  a  great  light  as  arc  lights,  but  it  is 
of  the  same  nature  in  every  way.     Eig.  18  shows  one 
of  these  candles  in  its  holder,  from  which  can  be 


22 


WKINKLES   IN   ELECTRIC   LIGHTING. 


Incandes- 
cent, 
lamps. 


Vacuum 
formed  in 
lamp 


seen  how  electrical  contact  is  made  with  the  two 
carbons. 

If  the  current  is  interrupted  in  any  way,  and  the 
light  goes  out,  it  will  not  be  produced  again  auto- 


matically, but  requires  a  small  piece  of  carbon 
between  the  two  carbons  as  a  path  for  the  current 
to  pass  across  as  in  the  beginning. 

A  third  form  of  electric  light  is  produced  by 
using  the  current  in  an  incandescent  lamp. 

To  explain  the  action  of  an  incandescent  lamp,  I 
must  refer  back  to  what  I  said  about  wires  getting 
heated  by  a  current  being  passed  through  them 
which  was  too  large  for  their  capacity.  If  two  large 
wires  are  joined  by  a  small  one,  and  a  strong  current 
is  passed  through  the  circuit,  the  small  wire  rapidly 
gets  red  hot,  and  finally  fuses.  If  this  small  wire  is 
contained  in  a  globe  from  which  the  air  is  exhausted, 
when  the  current  is  passed  through  it,  it  gets  red, 


WKINKLES   IN   ELECTEIC   LIGHTING.  23 

then  white  hot,  and  when  very  brilliant  gets  fused,  prevents 
If,  instead  of  wire,  we  have  in  the  small  globe  a  thin  JJ™  us 
filament   of  carbon,   when    the   current    is    passed 
through,  we  get  a  brilliant  light  which  remains  con- 
stant because  the  carbon  does  not  fuse,  and  it  cannot 
burn  away  for  want  of  air.     Fig.  19  shows  a  Swan 
lamp,  and  Fig.  20  an  Edison  lamp,  both  made  on 
this  principle. 

FIG.  19. 

FIG.  20. 


If  in  these  lamps  the  vacuum  were  perfect,  the  Vacuum 
carbon  filament  would  never  get  consumed;  it  is, 
however,  impossible  to  get  a  perfect  vacuum,  but 
the  better  it  is,  the  longer  will  the  filament  last. 
Incandescent   lamps   are   the   only   ones    that    are 
suitable  for  house  or  ship  lighting.     They  give  a  Advan- 
yellowish  light  like  a  good  gas-flame,  they  do  not  infancies- 
consume  the  air  of  a  room,  they  cause  no  smell,  and  cent  lamps 

for  house 

only  give  out  a  very  slight  heat.     They  are  per-  and  ship 
fectly  safe,  because  if  the  globe  gets  broken  and 
allows  air  to  get  in,  the  filament  is  instantly  con- 
sumed, and  the  light  goes  out.     They  can  be  put  in 
all  sorts  of  places  where  it  would  be  impossible  to 


24  WRINKLES  IN  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING. 

have  any  other  lamps,  such  as  near  the  ceiling,  close 
to  curtains,  in  a  room   full  of  explosives  or  com- 
bustibles,  and   even   under  water.      They   are   not 
Unaffected    affected  by  wind  ;  they  can  therefore  be  used  under 
anVTuit-      punkahs,  or  near  open  windows,  sky-lights,  or  ports, 

either°con-    or  in  ^  °P6n  a^T'     Tnes8  lamps  can  be  used  with 
tinuousor    either  continuous  or  alternating  currents,  but  will 

alternating  ,     ,  . 

currents,  probably  last  longer  with  the  latter,  because,  when  a 
continuous  current  is  used,  particles  of  the  carbon 
of  the  filament  appear  to  be  conveyed  from  one  end 
of  the  filament  to  the  other,  reducing  the  thickness 
at  the  one  end,  until  finally  it  breaks.  This  evi- 
dently cannot  occur  with  an  alternating  current,  as 
the  impulse  in  one  direction  is  counteracted  by  the 
following  one  in  the  opposite  direction.  If  the 
current  used  is  of  too  high  a  tension  for  the  lamps, 
they  will  show  an  intensely  brilliant  light  for  a 
short  time,  but  the  filament  will  soon  be  destroyed, 
and  the  lamp  rendered  useless. 

LEADS. 

We  have  now  to  consider  the  means  used  for  con- 
veying the  current,  continuous  or  alternating,  to  the 
lamps  we  intend  to  use.     The  leads  for  the  electric 
current,  which   correspond   in   some   measure   with 
Leads  made  the  pipes  which  convey  gas,  are  made  of  copper 
copper3  °      wire,  as  pure  as  can  be  obtained,  covered  with  some 
insulating   material   to  prevent  the  escape  of  the 
current  through  contact  with  other  conductors.     The 


WRINKLES   IN   ELECTRIC   LIGHTING.  25 

size  of  the  wire  is  regulated  according  to  the  amount 
of  current  which  is  to  be  conveyed ;  it  will  do  no 
harm  to  have  it  of  twice  the  required  section,  but  if 
it  is  of  less  than  the  required  section,  it  will  offer  so 
much  resistance  to  the  passage  of  the  current,  that 
it  will  probably  get  fused  in  a  very  short  time.  If 
the  lead  attached  to  one  terminal  of  the  dynamo 
comes  back  to  the  other  terminal  without  there  Short  cir- 
being  any  lamps  in  the  circuit,  or  other  means  of 
making  use  of  the  current,  it  is  said  to  be  short 
circuited,  and  if  the  dynamo  is  kept  going  some- 
thing must  give  out  very  soon.  The  two  leads  must 
therefore  never  be  connected  with  one  another,  except 
by  a  lamp  or  other  resistance,  and  the  manner  in 
which  the  lamps  are  placed,  and  the  size  of  the  leads, 
depend  upon  the  relative  tension  and  quantity  of 
current  and  the  kind  of  lamps  to  be  used.  If  the 
current  is  to  be  used  in  arc  lamps  it  is  usual  to  High 
have  a  high  E.M.F.,  which  allows  of  the  leads  being  Sfght°s" 
of  small  section;  but  if  it  is  to  be  used  in  incan-  but  low  for 

mcandes- 

descent  lamps  it  is  found  more  convenient  to  have  cent. 
a  low  E.M.F.,  and  as  this  implies  a  large  quantity 
of  current,  the  leads  have  to  be  of  large  section. 

Arc  lamps  usually  require  to  be  placed  in  series,  Arc  lights 
that  is  to  say,  in  such  a  manner  that  the  current, 
after  leaving  the  dynamo,  passes  through  each  lamp 
in  succession.  The  E.M.F.  required  in  this  case 
is  the  sum  of  the  E.M.F.  for  each  lamp,  the  quan- 
tity required  being  the  same  as  for  one  lamp.  This 


in  series. 


26 


WRINKLES   IN   ELECTEIC    LIGHTING. 


Incandes- 
cent lamps 
in  parallel 
circuit. 


E.M.F. 
same  for 
one  lamp 
as  for  a 
number. 


If  lamps 
suitable, 
each  one 
turns  on 
and  off 
separately. 


accounts  for  the  high  E.M.F.  used  in  arc  lighting 
and  the  small  size  of  the  \vire  for  conducting  the 
current.  Incandescent  lamps  can  be  either  in  series 
or  parallel,  and  frequently  the  two  systems  are  com- 
bined. To  explain  the  meaning  of  having  lamps 
parallel,  we  will  suppose  the  two  leads  from  a 
dynamo  to  be  taken  along  a  wall,  parallel  to  one 
another,  and  about  six  inches  apart,  ending  at  the 
end  of  the  wall,  but  not  connected  in  any  way.  If 
we  then  place  lamps  at  intervals  between  the  two 
leads,  connecting  one  loop  of  each  to  the  upper  lead, 
and  the  other  to  the  lower  lead,  by  means  of  small 
copper  wire,  these  lamps  are  said  to  be  all  parallel. 
In  this  arrangement  the  current  required  is  the  sum 
of  the  quantity  necessary  for  each  lamp,  but  the 
E.M.F.  is  the  same  as  that  required  for  one  lamp 
of  the  same  kind.  As  we  therefore  require  to  send 
a  large  quantity  of  current  through  the  leads  at  a 
small  pressure  or  E.M.F.,  these  leads  must  be  of 
large  section.  In  the  above  arrangement  each 
lamp  may  be  turned  on  or  off  separately  without 
affecting  the  others.  Sometimes  two  or  more  lamps 
are  placed  in  groups  between  the  parallel  leads ; 
these  are  then  in  series  with  regard  to  one  another, 
and  can  only  be  turned  on  or  off  two  or  more  at  a 
time,  in  other  words,  one  group  at  a  time.  If  our 
dynamo  is  producing  a  current  of  100  volts  E.M.F. 
v/hen  working  at  its  proper  speed,  and  our  lamps  are 
100- volt  lamps,  we  shall  be  able  to  turn  each  lamp 


WKINKLES   IN   ELECTEIC   LIGHTING.  27 

on  or  off  separately ;  but  if  we  want  to  put  in 
50-volt  lamps,  we  must  place  two  together,  and  we 
shall  then  have  to  turn  them  on  or  off  two  at  a 
time.  I  am  supposing  that  in  both  cases  tlie  lamps 
require  the  same  quantity  of  current,  though  of 
different  E.M.F. 

To  prevent  the  lamps  being  spoilt  by  the  current 
being  too  strong  through  a  sudden  increase  in  the 
speed  of  the  dynamo,  as  also  to  prevent  the  leads 
getting  fused,  and  perhaps  setting  fire  to  the  casing, 
it  is  usual  to  have  safety  fuses  in  various  parts  of  Safety 
the  circuit.  These  are  of  different  kinds,  but  a 
typical  one  consists"  of  a  small  lead  wire,  large 
enough  to  carry  the  normal  current,  but  which  fuses 
when  the  current  is  too  strong,  and  at  once  inter- 
rupts its  passage.  The  lamps  in  the  same  portion  of 
the  circuit  are  then  extinguished  and  so  saved  from 
destruction,  and  cannot  then  be  lighted  again  until 
the  fuse  is  renewed,  which,  however,  can  be  done 
with  ease. 

SHIP  LIGHTING. 

We  will  consider  now  the  case  of  a  steamship  to 
be  lighted  by  means  of  incandescent  lamps.  It  is 
sometimes  a  matter  of  some  difficulty  to  fix  on  a 
suitable  position  for  the  dynamo  and  engine,  espe- 
cially in  ships  which  have  already  been  running  for 
some  time. 

In  selecting  a  position,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  Position  for 

dynamo. 


28 


WEINKLES   IN   ELECTRIC   LIGHTING. 


Dynamo  to 
be  kept 
clean  and 
cool. 


Quick- 
speed 
engines. 


Slow- 
speed 
engines 
with  belts. 


Means  of 
keeping 
belt  on  the 
pulley. 


that  a  dynamo  will  work  best  in  a  cool  clean  place, 
cleanliness  being  most  important.  If  a  lot  of  coal 
dust  is  flying  about  where  the  dynamo  is  working,  it 
will  be  drawn  into  it,  and  tend  to  impair  its  elec- 
trical, as  well  as  mechanical  efficiency.  If  the 
dynamo  is  kept  properly  lubricated,  it  will  work  well 
enough  in  a  hot  place,  but  we  must  remember  that 
the  heating  of  the  wire  which  makes  up  a  large  por- 
tion of  the  dynamo,  reduces  its  conductivity,  so  that 
the  cooler  it  is  kept  the  better.  The  dynamo  should 
be  so  placed  that  the  engineer  can  get  to  every  side 
of  it  easily.  If  a  quick-speed  engine  is  to  be  used 
for  driving  it  direct,  it  will  make  a  very  compact 
installation,  but  there  seems  to  be  some  difficulty  as 
yet  in  getting  suitable  reliable  engines,  besides 
which  many  marine  engineers  object  to  quick-speed 
engines  altogether.  If  a  slow-speed  engine  is  to  be 
used,  a  belt  is  of  course  required  to  get  the  necessary 
speed  on  the  dynamo,  and  various  precautions  are 
needful  to  prevent  the  belt  slipping  off  the  pulley 
when  the  ship  is  rolling  about  in  a  sea-way.  In  all 
cases,  the  engine  and  dynamo  should  be  placed  with 
their  spindles  fore-and-aft,  or  in  a  line  with  the 
ship's  keel,  the  rolling  being  felt  more  than  the 
pitching.  There  are  various  ways  of  keeping  the 
belt  from  slipping  off  the  pulley.  Some  have 
flanges  on  the  pulley,  others  have  guides  or  rollers 
on  each  side  of  the  belt,  each  plan  having  its  advan- 
tages and  disadvantages;  but  some  plan  must  be 


WKINKLES   IN   ELECTRIC   LIGHTING.  29 

used,  otherwise   the  belt   slips   off,  usually  in   the 
middle  of  the  first-saloon  dinner,  and  out  go  all  the 
lights,  besides  which  the  belt  may  be  considerably 
damaged  before  the   engine  can  be  stopped.     The 
engine  must  be   one  that  will  work  very   steadily,  Engine 
otherwise  the  lights  will  pulsate  at  each  revolution  Steadily?1 
of  the  engine,  which   is  most   unpleasant.     If  the 
engine  is  a  single  one,  it  must  have  a  large  fly- 
wheel, .or  a  driving-wheel  large  and  heavy  enough 
to  answer  the  same  purpose.     The  engine  requires  a  A  good 

i  • ,  •  1,1  i     sensitive 

good  sensitive  governor,  so  as  to  keep  the  speed  governor 
regular  when  some  of  the  lamps  are  turned  on  or  wanted- 
off.  When  the  engine  and  dynamo  are  in  the  main 
engine-room,  the  throttle-valve,  or  a  stop-valve, 
should  be  in  a  convenient  place  for  the  engineer  on 
watch  to  get  at  so  as  to  instantly  shut  off  the  steam 
if  the  belt  slips  off  or  breaks.  In  ships  where  an 
electrician  is  carried  there  will  not  be  the  same 
necessity  for  this  precaution.  It  is  necessary  to  have  The  belt 
some  means  of  tightening  up  the  belt,  so  as  to  keep 
it  from  slipping  round  the  pulley.  Where  the 
engine  and  dynamo  are  on  the  same  level  there  may 
be  a  screw  arrangement  in  the  base-plate  of  the 
latter  by  which  the  distance  between  centres  can  be 
increased.  Where  the  engine  and  dynamo  are  on 
different  levels,  and  the  latter  is  a  fixture,  recourse 
must  be  had  to  a  roller,  bearing  against  the  upper 
part  of  the  belt  and  capable  of  screw  adjustment. 
If  link  leather  belting  is  used,  it  will  be  found 


30 


WRINKLES   IN   ELECTRIC   LIGHTING. 


A  handy 

belt 

stretcher. 


Friction 
gearing. 


Switch- 
board near 
dynamo. 


Leads  of 
different 
colours. 


necessary  to  take  out  several  rows  of  links  each  day 
until  it  lias  finished  stretching.  A  very  handy  thing 
to  use  for  this  purpose,  and  which  can  be  made  on 
board  by  an  engineer,  is  a  double  clamp  with  a  screw 
in  between,  just  like  the  ones  which  are  being  sold 
for  stretching  trousers  which  have  got  baggy  at  the 
knees.  Whatever  belt  is  used,  it  is  very  important 
that  there  should  be  no  joint  or  inequality  which  can 
cause  a  jump  or  slip  when  going  over  the  pulley,  as 
this  will  cause  the  lights  to  pulsate  each  time.  In 
America  friction  gearing  has  been  tried,  but  I  do 
not  know  with  what  success.  From  my  experience 
of  friction  gearing,  I  am  inclined  to  think  it  might 
do  very  well.  There  is  certainly  no  doubt  that 
direct-acting  quick-speed  engines  are  the  ones  to 
use,  and  it  is  only  a  question  of  getting  a  suitable  one. 
The  dynamo  being  firmly  fixed  in  position,  the 
main  leads  are  connected  to  it,  and  carried  along  to 
the  switch-board,  which  should  be  in  a  convenient 
position  near  at  hand.  On  this  switch-board  are 
usually  placed  the  large  safety  fuses.  The  board 
should  have  a  cover  to  it,  to  prevent  any  one 
meddling  with  it,  and  to  keep  it  clean.  The  main 
leads  are  of  a  large  size,  and  from  these  other 
smaller  ones  branch  off,  being  spliced  and  soldered 
to  them.  It  is  a  very  good  practice  to  use  leads  of 
two  different  colours,  as  we  can  then  work  by  the 
following  rule  :  Never  connect  together  two  leads  of 
different  colours  except  by  means  of  a  lamp  or  other 


WRINKLES   IN  ELECTRIC   LIGHTING.  31 

resistance.     The  size  of  the  various  leads  depends  on 
the  current  to  be  conveyed,  and  is  a  matter  for  the 
electricians.     On  the  main-deck  of  a  large  passenger 
steamer,  the  main  leads  may  be  carried  alqng  side  Main  leads 
by  side   under  the   upper   deck,  and   from    these,  ]eads< 
smaller   ones   branch  off   into   the  various   sets  of 
rooms,  smaller  ones  still  going  into  each  room.     In 
each  room  there  will  be  one  lamp  with  its  switch  to 
turn  it  on  or  off  as  desired,  and  a  safety  fuse.     The 
lamps  are  held  in  small  brackets,  and  are  contained  Lamps 
when   desired  in  frosted   globes,  which   diffuse  the  frosted 
light   and    make    it   very  pleasant.      When   these  go 
globes  are  held  rigidly  in  the  brackets,  the  least 
knock  breaks  them.     A  very  good  bracket  I  have 
seen  in  use  is  one  which  allows  the  globe  to  move 
about  on  its  support  when   touched,  being  at  the 
same  time  sufficiently  a  fixture  to  resist  the  motion 
of  the  ship  ;  and  in  the  particular  ship  in  which  I 
saw  these  used  in  the  first  saloon,  there  was  not  a 
single  breakage  during  a  four  months'  voyage.     The 
switches  for  turning  each  light  on  or  off  can  be  under  Switches 
the  control  of  the  passengers,  or,  on  the  other  hand,  famp!°b 
they  can  be  fitted  to  work  with  keys  kept  by  the 
stewards,  as  thought  most  desirable. 

The  lamps  used  can  be  of  various  candle-powers,  Lamps  of 
within   certain  limits,  and   of    whatever    make   is  ^die- 
considered  best.     They  can  also  be  of  various  makes,  Powers» 
as  long  as  they  are  constructed  to  stand  the  same 
E.M.F.     The  lamps  in  the  passenger   berths   give 


WRINKLES   IN   ELECTRIC   LIGHTING. 


Plan  for 
lighting 
quarter- 
deck at 
times. 


Arrange- 
ment of 
temporary 
leads. 


Leads  and 
lamps. 


quite  sufficient  light  if  of  10-candle  power ;  the  ones 
for  lighting  the  saloons,  passages,  and  other  large 
spaces,  may  with  advantage  be  of  20-candle  power. 
In  these   days   of  luxurious   travelling,    when   the 
various  lines  are  trying  to  attract  passengers  to  their 
particular  ships,  what  follows  may  be  thought  worth 
consideration.    In  steamers  going  through  the  tropics 
to  India,  China,  Australia,  &c.,  it  is  usual  to  get  up 
dances,  concerts,  and  other  entertainments  on  the 
quarter-deck,  at  times  when  it  would  be  impossible 
to  do  anything  below  on  account  of  the  heat.     The 
quarter-deck  then  has  to  be  lighted  up.      This  is 
effected  by  means  of  globe  oil-lamps   hung  about 
here  and  there,  two  being  hung  in  front  of  the  piano, 
in  unpleasant  proximity  to  the  head  of  the  obliging 
lady  pianist.     Now  in  a  ship  lighted  by  electricity, 
there  is  no  reason  why  a  couple  of  leads  should  not 
be   brought  up  from  below  through  a  skylight  or 
other  opening,  on  to  the  quarter-deck.     Indeed  the 
leads  might  be  arranged  to  screw  into  a  place  in  the 
deck,  or  on  the  side  of  a  skylight,  just  in  the  same 
manner  as  a  hose  is  connected  for  washing  decks. 
These   leads  would   have   holders  for  lamps  fitted 
permanently  at  intervals,  and  when  required  for  use 
would  be  stopped  up  along  the  awning-spar  or  ridge- 
chains,  and  the  lamps  screwed  or  hooked  into  the 
holders.   With  a  few  handy  men,  five  or  ten  minutes 
would  suffice  to  arrange  the  whole  thing  after  the 
leads  had  once  been  fitted.     The  leads  once  fitted 


WKINKLES   IN  ELECTEIC   LIGHTING.  33 

for  this  purpose  would  be  always  ready  for  use,  and  always 
could  be  kept  coiled  away  in  a  box  which  might  also  easily'  & 
have  a  compartment  to  contain  the  dozen  or  so  of  fixed  up- 
lamps  required. 

If  the  dynamo  is  already  running  as  many  lamps 
as  it  is  capable  of,  some  of  the  bedroom  lights  may 
be  turned  off  while  the  quarter-deck  is  being  lighted. 
Another  thing  which  I  think  has  not  yet  been  done 
is  the  following.     When  working  cargo  at  night,  and  Lighting 
indeed  during  the  day  to  some  extent,  lights  are  of  hoids.PS 
necessity  used  in  the  holds.     The  theory  is,  that  no 
naked  lights  shall  be  allowed,  but  the  practice  is  this  :  Danger  of 
lamps  are  taken  below,  get  knocked  about,  the  wicks  Oii  lamps, 
fall   down  and   want  pricking   up,   the   lamps  are 
opened  for  this  purpose,  and  as  they  are  found  to 
give  more  light  without  a  dusty  glass  round  them 
than  with  it,  they  are  left  open.     Candles  are  often 
taken  below  lighted,  and  even  matches  struck  to  see 
the  mark  on  a  bale.     I  am  aware  that  arc  lamps  are 
used  in  the  Eoyal  Albert   Docks,  London,  in  con- 
nection with  the  dock  lighting,  lamps  being  carried 
below  when  required,  with  flexible  leads  attached, 
and  that,  in  some  few  steamers,  arc  lamps  have  been 
used  in  the  same  manner  in  connection  with  their 
own  plant.     These  arc  lamps  are,  I  think,  not  nearly  Arc  lamps 
as  suitable  as  incandescent  lamps  for  the  purpose  of  aWe!™ 
lighting  up  a  ship's  hold ;  the  light  is  too  glaring, 
and  casts  deep  shadows  amongst  the  bales  and  cases, 
besides  which,  the  lamps  are  large  and  clumsy.     I 

D 


34 


WKINKLES   IN   ELECTKIC  LIGHTING. 


Arrange- 
ment of 
leads  for 
incandes- 
cent lamps. 


Work 
carried  on 
better,  and 
pilfering 
of  cargo 
prevented. 


Hold  leads 
discon- 
nected 
while  at 
sea. 


Installa- 
tion 
complete. 


Lights 
wanted 
as  night 
approaches. 

Precau- 
tions before 
starting 
dynamo. 


would  suggest  that  leads  should  be  carried  behind 
the  stringer-battens  in  the  ship's  side,  or  along  under 
the  next  upper  -  deck,  having  simple  sockets  or 
holders  for  incandescent  lamps  at  certain  intervals. 
Whoever  might  be  in  charge  of  the  hold  would 
screw  or  hook  on  the  lamps  as  required,  and  so  light 
up  every  part  of  the  hold  thoroughly  while  work  was 
going  on.  There  would  be  no  risk  of  fire,  and  I  am 
convinced  that  the  extra  leads  and  lamps  would  pay 
for  themselves  in  a  very  short  time,  because  work 
would  get  on  more  quickly,  and  pilfering  of  the  cargo 
would  be  in  a  great  measure  put  a  stop  to.  The 
leads  for  the  holds  could  be  so  arranged  as  to  be 
quite  unconnected  with  the  dynamo  while  at  sea,  so 
that  there  could  not  be  the  remotest  possibility  of 
the  current  finding  its  way  below  when  not  wanted. 
In  fine,  there  is  no  reason  whatever  why  a  ship's  hold 
should  not  be  lighted  up  when  required,  as  well  as  a 
warehouse  or  store  on  shore. 

Now,  we  will  suppose  that  our  installation  is  com- 
plete, ready  for  working,  everything  having  been 
pronounced  in  order  by  the  electrician  who  has 
looked  after  the  work.  Evening  is  approaching,  and 
the  lights  will  soon  be  required ;  we  must  therefore 
see  that  our  engine  and  dynamo  are  ready  for  a 
start.  If  the  engine  and  dynamo  are  separate,  the 
belt  must  be  felt,  to  see  that  it  is  tight  enough, 
otherwise  it  must  be  tightened  by  whatever  means 
are  provided  for  the  purpose.  We  must  also  see 


WKINKLES  IN  ELECTEIC  LIGHTING.  35 

that  the  engine  and  dynamo  are  properly  oiled,  and 
that  the  worsteds  are  down  the  tubes  of  the  oil-cups, 
and  working  properly,   not   dry,   as  I  have  known 
them  to  be,  with  fatal  results  to  the  dynamo/    If  the  Lubrica- 
lubrication  is  performed  by  means  of  tubes  leading  be°perfect. 
to  each  bearing  from  an  elevated  oil-box,  we  must 
see  that  the  oil   really  gets   to   the  bearings,  and 
regulate   its   flow   as    required.     The  commutators  Commuta- 
and  collector-rings  and  rubbers  require  only  a  wipe  collectors 
of  oil,  just  sufficient  to  prevent  undue  wearing  of  ^Jul[fttle 
the  surfaces  ;  if  too  much  is  put  on  them,  they  will  oil. 
spark  a  great   deal,  and    sparking  will  wear  them 
away  more  quickly  than  friction.     The  brushes  of 
copper  wire  which  collect  the  current  of  the  exciter 
dynamo,   and   others   of  similar  pattern,   must  be 
placed  so  that  the  ends  press  on  the  commutator  as  Position  of 
shown  in  Fig.  21.     The  ends  should  project  just  a 
little  way  beyond  the  point  or  line  of  contact,  and 
when  the  dynamo  is  running,  there  should  be  very 
little  sparking.     I  am  supposing  that  our  plant  con- 

FIG.  21.  FIG.  22. 


sists  of  an  alternating-current  dynamo  with  a  small 
exciter.  The  wires  leading  from  the  exciter  to  the 
other  dynamo  remain  always  connected,  as  there  is 
no  need  for  meddling  with  them. 

D  2 


36 


WKINKLES   IN  ELECTKIC  LIGHTING. 


Start  the 
engine. 

Switches 
not  turned 
on. 


No  current 
except 
from 
exciter. 


Testing 
work  of 
exciter. 


Dynamos 
very 
powerful 
magnets. 

Look  out 
for  your 
wa-tches  ! 


Switch  on 
the  lamps. 


We  will  n'ow  start  the  engine,  and  thereby  set  the 
dynamo  going  round,  slowly  at  first,  and  gradually 
up  to  the  speed  required.  The  main  switches  are 
not  yet  turned  on,  so  there  is  no  current  going 
through  the  leads  as  yet ;  what  then  is  being  done  ? 
A  current  is  being  produced  by  the  exciter  only, 
and  is  magnetising  the  electro-magnets  of  the  larger 
dynamo,  and  if  we  want  to  know  if  it  is  really 
doing  its  work  as  intended,  we  just  hold  a  small 
pocket-compass  over  the  ends  of  two  opposite 
magnets  of  the  dynamo,  and  observe  how  the  needle 
points.  It  should  at  once  take  up  the  position 
shown  in  Fig.  22,  and  if  then  held  over  the  next 
couple  in  like  manner,  the  needle  should  simply 
turn  round,  and  point  in  exactly  the  opposite  direc- 
tion. If  it  points  in  any  other  direction,  there  is 
something  wrong  with  the  connections.  If,  how- 
ever, the  connections  are  right  at  starting,  they  will 
of  course  remain  right,  and  there  should  be  no  need 
for  this  test.  It  is  well  to  remember  that  when 
dynamos  are  working,  they  are,  or  contain  for  the 
time  being,  very  powerful  magnets,  therefore  if  we 
bend  over  them  to  examine  them,  our  watches  will 
get  magnetised,  which  does  not  improve  their 
qualities  as  time-keepers.  Say  that  our  dynamo  is 
now  going  round  at  the  required  speed,  which  may 
be  500  or  600  revolutions  per  minute ;  the  engine  is 
not  using  much  steam  as  yet,  because  very  little 
work  is  being  done.  We  now  switch  on  a  set  of 


WRINKLES   IN  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING.  37 

lamps  ;  this  closes  the  circuit,  and  the  large  dynamo  Current  is 
begins  to  produce  its  alternating  current,  which  goes  in  "large 
through  the  lamps  and  lights  them  up.     This,  how-  dynamo' 
ever,  gives  the  engine  more  work  to  do,  and  more 
steam  must  be  turned  on,  otherwise  the  necessary 
speed  will  not  be  kept  up.     We  switch  on  all  the 
other  lamps   as  required,   and   must  see  that  the 
speed  of  the  dynamo  is  kept  constant.     A  difference 
of  a  few  lamps,  affecting  the   engine   to   a  small  Difference 
extent  only,  should  be  compensated  automatically 
by  the  governor.     If  the  brightest  lamps  are  not 
bright  enough,  the  speed   should  be   increased  a  governor. 
little,  but   care  must   be   taken  not   to   overdo  it, 
because  if  the  current  is  too  strong,  some  of  the 
safety  fuses  will  melt,  and  the  corresponding  lamps 
will  go  out.     It  must  not  be  inferred  from  what  I 
have  said,  that  it  is  necessary  to  run  the  dynamo  at 
first  without  switching  on  any  lamps.     On  the  con- 
trary, a  better  effect  will   be  produced  if  all  the  Turn  all 
lamps  are  switched  on  before  starting,  as  they  will 


then  gradually  work  up   to   their  full  brilliancy;  *g  gradu" 
whereas,  if  one  set  of  lamps  is  started  first,  and  run 
bright,   and   we   then   switch   on   another  set,   the 
current  at  first  will  be  too  small  for  the  two  sets, 
and  the  first  set  will  get  quite  dull,  remaining  so 
until  the  dynamo  is  going  at  its  proper  speed  again. 
When  lighted  up  for  the  first  time,  it  will  be  found  inequality 
that  some  of  the   lamps  are  much  brighter  than  different'11 
others;  this  is  because  the  lamps  at  present  made  lamps' 


38  WEINKLES   IN  ELECTEIC   LIGHTING. 

are  not  of  perfectly  equal  resistances.  We  must  go 
round,  then,  and  note  where  the  dull  ones  are,  and 
we  can  either  at  once,  or  during  next  day,  shift 
them  into  the  bathrooms  and  places  where  such  a 
perfect  light  is  not  required.  All  the  lamps  in  one 
room,  the  first  saloon,  or  music  room,  for  instance, 
should  be  equalised  as  much  as  possible,  and  in  such 
places  the  brightest  should  be  used.  Nothing  looks 
worse  than  to  see  a  couple  of  dull  lights  in  the  same 
room  as  a  lot  of  bright  ones.  By  seeing  to  these 
matters  we  can  make  the  lighting  much  more  satis- 
factory than  it  otherwise  would  be.  During  the 
first  few  evenings  we  shall  probably  have  some  of 
the  lamps  go  out  through  the  filaments  breaking. 
Weeding  This  I  consider  a  weeding  out  of  defective  lamps, 
lamps.  a  because  if  it  were  that  the  current  was  too  strong, 
the  fuses  would  have  given  way.  Some  of  the  fuses 
give  way  when  the  current  is  not  too  strong ;  this  is 
owing  to  imperfections  in  the  fuses,  and  they  must 
be  replaced  by  spare  ones.  For  the  sake  of  economy, 
Lamps  not  it  is  well  not  to  run  the  lamps  too  bright.  Without 

to  be  run  ,       .  , 

too  bright,  giving  the  lamps  the  maximum  current  a  very  good 
light  can  be  obtained,  and  they  will  last  all  the 
longer.  I  need  hardly  say  that  there  is  a  medium 
in  this  as  in  everything  else,  and  it  does  not  look 
well  when  a  candle  is  placed  alongside  of  an  electric 
lamp  to  enable  a  person  to  read  or  write  in  comfort. 
All  this  time  the  dynamo  is  running,  and  we 
must  feel  the  bearings  occasionally  to  see  if  they 


WKINKLES   IN   ELECTKIC    LIGHTING.  39 

are  keeping  cool.     There  will  be  no  trouble  if  the  No  trouble 
lubrication  is  all  right.     If  the  oil  does  not  get  into  ^ynamo  if 


the  bearings  as  it  should  do,  they  will  heat,  jam  the 
spindle,  or  seize,  and  bring  up  the  engine,  or  break  to. 
the  belt.     The  lights  will  then  all  go  out,  and  every- 
body will  say  hard  things  of  the  electric  light,  while 
the  fault  really  rests  with  us.     Sometimes  seizing  Seizing. 
occurs  through  the  spindle  not  being  slack  enough 
in   the   bearings,    but  this  generally   occurs  while 
testing  the  dynamo  at  the  works. 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  in  dynamos  the  on  must 
spindle  must  be  a  good  fit,  and  there  may  be  room  in  b 
the  bearings  for  ordinary  engine-oil  while  there  may 
not  be  for  a  thicker  oil,  such  as  castor  oil.     There- 
fore, if  the  bearings  show  a  tendency  to  heat,  it  may 
improve  matters  to  thin  the  oil  used  with  petroleum. 
While  giving  the  dynamo  its  proper  supply  of  oil, 
we  must  only  apply  it  in  the  proper  places.     If  we 
let  the  bobbins  get  smothered  in  oil,  the  insulating 
material  on  the  wire  will  get  rotted,  and  a  short  cir- 
cuiting will  probably  take  place.     The  dynamo  can-  The 
not  be  kept  too  clean,  and  there  should  be  a  canvas 
cover  to  put  over  it  while  not  in  use,  especially  while  kept  clean- 
coaling.     We  will  suppose  that  all  is  going  on  right  ; 
a  steward  comes  along  and  says  :  "  Mr.  So-and-so,  I 
cannot  get  the  lamp  in  number  6  berth  to   light  Little 
although  I  have  turned  the  switch  the  right  way."  ^°tuhbltehse 
"  All  right,  I  will  go  and  look  at  it,"  you  answer,  lamps. 
Now,  let  us  see  what  is  the  matter.     We  unhook  or 


40 


WEINKLES   IN   ELECTEIC   LIGHTING. 


No  safety 
fuse. 


Effect  of 
vibration 
of  ship  on 
lamps. 


What  to 
look  to  if 
a  lamp  is 
out. 


unscrew  the  lamp,  and  look  at  the  filament ;  it  is  not 
broken.  We  replace  the  lamp  again,  and  are  careful 
that  it  makes  good  contact ;  but  still  no  light.  Let 
us  look  at  the  safety  fuse ;  why,  there  is  none  !  it  has 
been  missed  out.  We  get  one  of  the  spare  ones  out 
of  our  electric  store,  and  put  it  in  its  place,  and  the 
lamp  lights  properly  at  once.  We  find  another  lamp 
out,  and  look  at  it.  We  see  at  once  that  the  filament 
is  broken,  so  there  is  no  question  about  this  one  ;  it 
must  be  changed.  Hallo  !  what  is  up  with  this  one  ? 
it  goes  in  and  out  all  the  time  like  a  flash  light.  The 
current  must  be  getting  to  it  all  right,  otherwise  it 
would  not  light  at  all.  I  see  what  it  is ;  it  is  a  Swan 
lamp,  and  the  spring  is  not  pressing  quite  fairly  on 
it,  so  that  one  hook  is  making  good  contact,  while 
the  other  tightens  and  slacks  with  the  vibration  of 
the  ship.  This  is  soon  set  right  by  turning  the 
spring  round  a  little,  or  hooking  the  lamp  the  other 
way.  Or  it  is  an  Edison  lamp,  which  has  got  slightly 
unscrewed,  and  no  longer  makes  good  contact  at  the 
back  end  of  the  holder.  In  some  lamp-fittings  the 
ends  of  the  leads  are  held  in  a  spring  grip  in  the 
base  of  the  bracket,  and  it  may  happen  that  they 
have  slipped  out,  and  so  broken  the  circuit,  and  ex- 
tinguished the  light.  In  the  Swan  lamps,  and  others 
of  a  similar  pattern,  one  of  the  little  platinum  loops 
in  the  base  of  the  lamps  sometimes  gets  broken  off; 
the  lamp  is  then  of  no  further  use.  To  recapitulate, 
if  a  lamp  goes  out,  the  first  thing  is  to  see  if  the 


WEINKLES   IN   ELECTRIC   LIGHTING.  41 

filament  is  broken,  next  if  it  makes  good  contact.   If  Recapitu- 
it  does  not  then  light  up,  see  if  there  is  any  current 
getting  to  it ;  this  may  be  found  out  by  touching  the 
two  hooks  in  a  Swan  holder,  or  the  back  and  side  of 
an   Edison   screw  holder,  with  a  moistened  finger. 
With  a  current  of  50  volts  a  slight  tickling  sensa-  A  current 
tion  will  be  felt  if  the  current  is  passing  through.   If  °s  hardly tS 
this  cannot  be  felt,  there  must  be  some  part  or  other  felt< 
disconnected,  perhaps  the  safety  fuse  has  given  out, 
or  the  ends  of  the  leads  got  adrift  from  the  bracket. 
If  in  any  doubt  about  the  lamp,  try  another  in  the 
same  place. 

In  some  steamers  incandescent  lamps  are  used  in  incandes- 
the  side  lamps ;  they  can  easily  be  fitted  for  this  for  side  ^ 
purpose,  especially  when  the  ship  is  provided  with  Hghts- 
lighthouses  built  in,  as  in  the  Anchor  Line  steamers. 
Two  or  more  incandescent  lamps  can  be  arranged 
on  a  small  stand,  which  will  slide  into  the  lantern, 
taking  the  place  of  the  regulation  oil  lamp,  and  con- 
nected by  flexible  leads  to  the  other  leads.  It  would 
be  easy  to  put  six  20-candle  power  lamps  in  a  group 
in  each  lantern,  as  it  does  not  matter  in  what  position 
they  are  placed ;  two  might  be  used  on  ordinary 
occasions,  while  on  a  foggy  night,  the  whole  six  could 
be  switched  on.  If  one  lamp  went  out  through  the 
filament  giving  way,  it  would  not  affect  the  others, 
so  that  there  would  still  be  a  light  in  the  lantern. 
If,  through  some  breakdown  of  the  engine  or  dynamo, 
the  electric  current  were  no  longer  to  be  had,  then  it 


42 


WRINKLES   IN   ELECTRIC   LIGHTING. 


Mast-head 
light. 

Arc  light 
should 
never  be 
used. 


Present 
mast-head 
lights  quite 
powerful 
enough. 


On  pas- 
senger 
steamers, 


would  only  be  necessary  to  withdraw  the  stand  of 
lamps,  and  put  in  the  ordioary  regulation  oil-lamp. 
The  mast-head  lamp  could  also  be  fitted  with  the 
electric  light,  as  indeed  has  already  been  done.  On 
no  account,  however,  should  an  arc  light  be  used,  as 
besides  being  too  dazzling,  it  is  much  too  uncertain  ; 
in  fact  many  other  reasons  could  be  given  for  reject- 
ing it.  It  is  even  a  question  whether  it  is  an 
advantage  to  have  incandescent  lamps  for  a  mast- 
head light.  There  is  certainly  the  great  advantage 
of  not  having  to  pull  the  lamp  up  and  down  to  trim 
it,  a  rather  risky  performance  in  heavy  weather,  and 
also  of  the  light  not  being  affected  by  any  wind  that 
may  get  into  the  lamp ;  though  as  regards  the  first, 
English  officers  would  never  be  satisfied  to  see  a 
lamp  dangling  on  the  stay  all  day  long,  as  appears 
to  be  the  custom  in  some  foreign  steamers,  besides 
which  it  would  have  to  be  lowered  to  be  cleaned 
outside. 

The  present  mast-head  lights  are  quite  powerful 
enough  already,  too  much  so  when  compared  with 
the  side  lights.  I  am  not  aware  of  any  collisions 
having  occurred  through  a  mast-head  light  not  being 
seen  in  time,  but  how  many  from  the  side  lights  not 
being  seen !  It  was  no  doubt  contemplated,  as 
indeed  the  regulations  show,  that  no  lights  should  be 
visible  about  a  vessel,  except  the  regulation  lights ; 
but  many  who  have  seen  a  large  passenger  steamer 
go  past  will  have  noticed  how  her  side  was — one, 


WKINKLES   IN   ELECTEIC   LIGHTING.  43 

two,  or  three  rows  of  dazzling  bright  lights,  and  will  side  one 
have  looked  almost  in  vain  for   the  green  or  red  iight,°and 


light  dimly  visible  in  the  midst  of  all  the  bright 
ones.  If  bright  electric  lights,  therefore,  ace  shining  visible. 
through  the  ports,  we  must  have  our  side  lights  at 
least  as  bright,  so  as  to  give  them  a  chance  of  being 
seen.  If  electric  lamps  are  used  as  side  lights,  the 
dynamo  must  be  kept  running  all  night.  If  it  is 
thought  desirable  to  put  out  all  unnecessary  lights 
at  11  P.M.,  the  leads  can  be  so  arranged  that  these 
lights  can  be  all  on  one  or  more  circuits,  and  the 
necessary  ones  on  another. 

Although  the  dynamo  will  have  to  go  at  nearly  Speed  of 
the  same  speed  throughout   the  night,  it  will   not 
have  the  same  amount  of  work  to  do,  and  the  engine 
will  therefore  use  much  less  steam,  the  consumption  in  Pr°P01>- 

tion  to 

being  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  lights  used,  number  of 
An  economical  engineer  will  therefore  see  that 
bedroom  lamps  are  not  kept  lighted  all  the  evening 
without  any  necessity.  On  shore  we  should  never 
think  of  keeping  gas-lights  blazing  away  for  no 
purpose,  and  why  should  we  use  electricity  with 
more  lavishness,  especially  when  it  is  so  easy  to  turn 
a  light  on  or  off.  The  switches  might  with  advan- 
tage be  painted  with  Balmain's  luminous  paint,  and 
there  would  then  be  no  trouble  in  finding  them  in 
the  dark.  It  is  well  to  know  that  on  board  ship,  NO  danger 
probably  in  all  cases  of  electric  lighting,  there  is  no 
danger  to  life  to  be  apprehended  from  touching  any 


44 


WEINKLES  IN  ELECTRIC   LIGHTING. 


Binnacle 
lamps. 
Electric 
light  not 
suitable. 


Dynamo, 
if  near  a 
compass, 
will  affect 
it. 


Notes. 


of  the  leads  where  bare,  or  indeed  any  part  of  the 
dynamos,  as  the  E.M.F.  is  usually  not  more  than  50 
volts.  It  is  best,  however,  not  to  try  any  experi- 
ments, and  it  is  a  good  general  rule,  not  to  touch  a 
bare  part  of  a  dynamo  or  lead  with  both  hands  at 
the  same  time.  The  fear  of  getting  hurt  has  the 
good  effect  of  keeping  passengers  and  others  from 
meddling  with  their  lamps. 

I  have  said  nothing  about  the  use  of  electric 
lights  in  binnacles,  though  it  would  be  a  great 
advantage  to  be  able  to  supply  them  with  a  good 
steady  light  quite  unaffected  by  wind.  There  is  an 
obstacle  to  their  use  for  this  purpose,  in  that  the 
electric  current  being  used  near  the  compass,  the 
latter  is  affected  by  it.  In  theory,  an  alternating 
current  should  have  no  effect ;  but  it  would  require 
very  exhaustive  experiments  to  be  made  before 
enough  confidence  could  be  inspired  concerning  its 
innocence,  and  I  fancy  it  would  usually  be  looked 
upon  with  great  suspicion  by  captains  and  officers 
of  ships.  The  dynamo  being  made  up  of  powerful 
magnets,  must  of  course  be  always  at  a  good  distance 
from  the  compasses.  In  some  installations  on  iron 
steamers,  the  return  leads  have  been  dispensed  with, 
the  iron  of  the  ship  carrying  the  current  back,  in  the 
same  way  that  the  earth  or  sea  does  it  in  a  telegraph 
circuit. 

It  is  to  be  observed  that  a  dynamo  with  brushes 
on  the  commutator  is  not  necessarily  a  Brush 


WEINKLES   IN   ELECTKIC 


45 


dynamo  as  a  good  many  people  seem  to  think,  the 
latter  being  named  after  its  inventor,  Mr.  Brush. 

A  dynamo  is  not  a  lattery  as  some  people  call  it, 
and  there  is  no  need  for  multiplying  names. 

A  pocket  speed-indicator  should  be  supplied  for 
testing  the  speed  of  the  dynamo,  to  see  that  it  is 
kept  up  to  proper  speed,  and  that  the  belt  (if  used) 
does  not  slip  to  an  unreasonable  extent. 

I  think  I  have  now  said  enough  to  redeem  my 
introductory  promise,  and  if  I  have,  so  to  speak,  let 
more  electric  light  on  to  a  subject  previously  dark 
to  a  good  many  people,  I  shall  be  well  satisfied  with 
my  labour,  and  I  hope  that  those  who  peruse  this 
book  will  be  induced  to  go  more  deeply  into  the 
subject  by  means  of  the  many  good  books  which 
have  been  written  by  cleverer  men  than  I,  and  which 
enter  more  thoroughly  into  all  its  details. 


LONDON 

PRINTED  BT  WILLIAM  CLOWES  AND  SONS,  LIMITED,  STAMFORD  STREET 
AND  CHARING  CROSS. 


1 888. 

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A  Pocket-Book  for  Chemists,  Chemical  Manufacturers, 

Metallurgists,  Dyers,  Distillers,  Brewers,  Sugar  Refiners,  Photographers, 
Students,  etc.,  etc.  By  THOMAS  BAYLEY,  Assoc.  R.C.  Sc.  Ireland,  Ana. 
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The  Mechanician :    A  Treatise  on  the  Construction 

and  Manipulation  of  Tools,  for  the  use  and  instruction  of  Young  Engineers 
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SPONS'  HOUSEHOLD  MANUAL: 

A  Treasury  of  Domestic  Receipts  and  Guide  for  Home  Management. 
PRINCIPAL    CONTENTS. 

Hints  for  selecting1  a  good  House,  pointing  out  the  essential  requirements  for 
a  good  house  as  to  the  Site,  Soil,  Trees,  Aspect,  Construction,  and  General  Arrangement  ; 
with  instructions  for  Reducing  Echoes,  Waterproofing  Damp  Walls,  Curing  Damp  Cellars. 

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illustrations)  of  Well-  and  Ill-drained  Houses  ;  How  to  Test  Drains  ;  Ventilating  Pipes,  etc. 

"Water  Supply. — Care  of  Cisterns  ;  Sources  of  Supply;  Pipes;  Pumps;  Purification 
and  Filtration  of  Water. 

Ventilation  and  Warming1.— Methods  of  Ventilating  without  causing  cold 
draughts,  by  various  means  ;  Principles  of  Warming  ;  Health  Questions  ;  Combustion  :  Open 
Grates;  Open  Stoves  *  Fuel  Economisers  ;  Varieties  of  Grates  ;  Close-Fire  Stoves;  Hot-air 
Furnaces  ;  Gas  Heating  ;  Oil  Stoves  ;  Steam  Heating  ;  Chemical  Heaters  ;  Management  of 
Flues  ;  and  Cure  of  Smoky  Chimneys. 

Lighting-.— The  best  methods  of  Lighting ;  Candles,  Oil  Lamps,  Gas,  Incandescent 
Gas,  Electric  Light ;  How  to  test  Gas  Pipes  ;  Management  of  Gas. 

Furniture  and  Decoration.— Hints  on  the  Selection  of  Furniture ;  on  the  most 
approved  methods  of  Modern  Decoration  ;  on  the  best  methods  of  arranging  Bells  and  Calls; 
How  to  Construct  an  Electric  Bell. 

Thieves  and  Fire- — Precautions  against  Thieves  and  Fire  ;  Methods  of  Detection  ; 
Domestic  Fire  Escapes  ;  Fireproofing  Clothes,  etc. 

The  Larder. — Keeping  Food  fresh  for  a  limited  time ;  Storing  Food  without  change, 
such  as  Fruits,  Vegetables,  Eggs,  Honey,  etc. 

Curing-  Foods  for  lengthened  Preservation,  as  Smoking,  Salting,  Canning, 
Potting,  Pickling,  Bottling  Fruits,  etc. ;  Jams,  Jellies,  Marmalade,  etc. 

The  Dairy.— The  Building  and  Fitting  of  Dairies  in  the  most  approved  modern  style  ; 
Butter-making  ;  Cheesemaking  and  Curing. 

The  Cellar.— Building  and  Fitting;  Cleaning  Casks  and  Bottles  ;  Corks  and  Corking  ; 
Aerated  Drinks  ;  Syrups  for  Drinks  ;  Beers  ;  Bitters ;  Cordials  and  Liqueurs ;  Wines  ; 
Miscellaneous  Drinks. 

The  Pantry- — Bread-making  ;  Ovens  and  Pyrometers  ;  Yeast ;  German  Yeast  ; 
Biscuits;  Cakes;  Fancy  Breads;  Buns. 

The  Kitchen.— On  Fitting  Kitchens  ;  a  description  of  the  best  Cookin?  Ranges,  close 
and  open  ;  the  Management  and  Care  of  Hot  Plates,  Baking  Ovens,  Dampers,  Flues,  and 
Chimneys;  Cooking  by  Gas;  Cooking  by  Oil;  the  Arts  of  Roasting,  Grilling,  Boiling, 
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Receipts  for  Dishes— Soups,  Fish,  Meat,  Game,  Poultry,  Vegetables,  Salads, 
Puddings,  Pastry,  Confectionery,  Ices,  etc.,  etc. ;  Foreign  Dishes. 

The  Housewife's  Boom.— Testing  Air,  Water,  and  Foods  ;  Cleaning  and  Renovat- 
ing ;  Destroying  Vermin. 

Housekeeping-,  Marketing-. 

The  Dining--Boom.— Dietetics  ;  Laying  and  Waiting  at  Table  :  Carving ;  Dinners, 
Breakfasts,  Luncheons,  Teas,  Suppers,  etc. 

The  Drawing-Boom.— Etiquette ;  Dancing  ;  Amateur  Theatricals  ;  Tricks  and 
Illusions  ;  Games  (indoor). 

The  Bedroom  and  Dressing- Room  ;  Sleep;  the  Toilet ;  Dress;  Buying  -Clothes  ; 
Outfits ;  Fancy  Dress. 

The  Nursery.— The  Room  ;  Clothing  ;  Washing  ;  Exercise ;  Sleep  ;  Feeding ;  Teeth- 
ing ;  Illness  ;  Home  Training. 

The  Sick-Boom.— The  Room ;  the  Nurse  ;  the  Bed ;  Sick  Room  Accessories;  Feeding 
Patients  ;  Invalid  Dishes  and  Drinks;  Administering  Physic  ;  Domestic  Remedies;  Accidents 
and  Emergencies ;  Bandaging;  Burns;  Carrying  Injured  Persons ;  Wounds ;  Drowning;  Fits; 
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The  Laundry. — Small  Domestic  Washing  Machines,  and  methods  of  getting  up  linen  ; 
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The  Workroom. — Darning,  Patching,  and  Mending  Garments. 

The  Library.— Care  of  Books. 

The  Garden. — Calendar  of  Operations  for  Lawn,  Flower  Garden,  and  Kitchen 
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The  Farmyard. — Management  of  the  Horse,  Cow,  Pig,  Poultry,  Bees,  etc.,  etc. 

Small  Motors- — A  description  of  the  various  small  Engines  useful  for  domestic 
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On  Designing"  Belt  Gearing.      By  E.   J.  COWLING 

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"  It  is  no  disparagement  to  the  many  excellent  publications  we  refer  to,  to  say  that  in  our 
opinion  this  little  pocket-book  of  Hurst's  is  the  very  best  of  them  all,  without  any  exception. 
It  would  be  useless  to  attempt  a  recapitulation  of  the  contents,  for  it  appears  to  contain  almost 
everything  that  anyone  connected  with  building  could  require,  and,  best  of  all,  made  up  in  a 
compact  form  for  carrying  in  the  pocket,  measuring  only  5  in.  by  3  in.,  and  about  f  in.  thick, 
in  a  limp  cover.  We  congratulate  the  author  on  the  success  of  his  laborious  and  practically 
compiled  little  book,  which  has  received  unqualified  and  deserved  praise  from  every  profes- 
sional person  to  whom  we  have  shown  it." — The  Dublin  Builder. 

Tabulated   Weights   of  Angle,    Tee,    Bulb,    Round, 

Square,  and  Flat  Iron  and  Steel,  and  other  information  for  the  use  of 
Naval  Architects  and  Shipbuilders.  By  C.  H.  JORDAN,  M.I.N.A.  Fourth 
edition,  32mo,  cloth,  2s.  6d. 

A  Complete  Set  of  Contract  Documents  for  a  Country 

Lodge,  comprising  Drawings,  Specifications,  Dimensions  (for  quantities), 
Abstracts,  Bill  of  Quantities,  Form  of  Tender  and  Contract,  with  Notes 
by  J.  LEANING,  printed  in  facsimile  of  the  original  documents,  on  single 
sheets  fcap.,  in  paper  case,  IQJ. 

A    Practical   Treatise   on   Heat,  as  applied  to   the 

Useful  Arts-,  for  the  Use  of  Engineers,  Architects,  &c.  By  THOMAS 
Box.  With  14  plates.  Third  edition,  crown  8vo,  cloth,  12s.  6d. 

A   Descriptive    Treatise  on  Mathematical  Drawing 

Instruments:  their  construction,  uses,  qualities,  selection,  preservation, 
and  suggestions  for  improvements,  with  hints  upon  Drawing  and  Colour- 
ing. By  W.  F.  STANLEY,  M.R.I.  Fifth  edition,  with,  numerous  illustrations, 
crown  8vo,  cloth,  5-r. 

B  2 


CATALOGUE  OF  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS 


Quantity  Surveying.    By  J.  LEANING.    With  42  illus- 
trations.   Second  edition,  revised,  crown  8vo,  cloth,  9^. 
CONTENTS : 

A    complete    Explanation    of  the    London  I  Schedule  of  Prices. 

Practice.  ;  Form  of  Schedule  of  Prices. 

General  Instructions.  Analysis  of  Schedule  of  Prices. 

Order  of  Taking  Off.  i  Adjustment  of  Accounts. 

Modes  of  Measurement  of  the  various  Trades.  '  Form  of  a  Bill  of  Variations. 

Use  and  Waste.  !  Remarks  on  Specifications. 

Ventilation  and  Warming.  Prices     and     Valuation     of    Work,     with 

Credits,  with  various  Examples  of  Treatment,  j  Examples  and  Remarks  upon  each  Trade. 

Abbreviations.  |  The  Law  as  it  affects  Quantity  Surveyors, 


Squaring  the  Dimensions. 


with  Law  Reports. 


Abstracting,  with  Examples  in  illustration  of       Taking  Off  after  the  Old  Method. 

each  Trade.  Northern  Practice. 

Polling.  |    The    General    Statement    of    the   Methods 
Examples  of  Preambles  to  each  Trade.  recommended  by  the  Manchester  Society 

Form  for  a  Bill  of  Quantities.  of  Architects  for  taking  Quantities. 

Do.        Bill  of  Credits.  I     Examples  of  Collections. 

Do.        Bill  for  Alternative  Estimate.  Examples  of  "  Taking  Off"  in  each  Trade. 

Restorations  and  Repairs,  and  Form  of  Bill.  |     Remarks  on  the  Past  and  Present  Methods 
Variations  before  Acceptance  of  Tender.  of  Estimating. 

Errors  in  a  Builder's  Estimate.  j 

Spons  Architects  and  Builders  Pocket-Book  of  Prices 

and  Memoranda.  Edited  by  W.  YOUNG,  Architect.  Crown  8vo,  cloth, 
Published  annually.  Fifteenth  edition.  Now  ready. 

Long-Span  Railway  Bridges,  comprising  Investiga- 
tions of  the  Comparative  Theoretical  and  Practical  Advantages  of  the 
various  adopted  or  proposed  Type  Systems  of  Construction,  with  numerous 
Formulae  and  Tables  giving  the  weight  of  Iron  or  Steel  required  in 
Bridges  from  300  feet  to  the  limiting  Spans ;  to  which  are  added  similar 
Investigations  and  Tables  relating  to  Short-span  Railway  Bridges.  Second 
and  revised  edition.  By  B.  BAKER,  Assoc.  Inst.  C.E.  Plates,  crown  8vo, 
cloth,  5-y. 

Elementary  Theory  and  Calculation  of  Iron  Bridges 

and  Roofs.  By  AUGUST  RITTER,  Ph.D.,  Professor  at  the  Polytechnic 
School  at  Aix-la-Chapelle.  Translated  from  the  third  German  edition, 
by  H.  R.  SANKEY,  Capt.  R.E.  With  500  illustrations,  8vo,  cloth,  i$s. 

The    Elementary     Principles    of   Carpentry.       By 

THOMAS  TREDGOLD.  Revised  from  the  original  edition,  and  partly 
re-written,  by  JOHN  THOMAS  HURST.  Contained  in  517  pages  of  letter- 
press, and  illustrated  with  48  plates  and  150  -wood  engravings.  Sixth 
edition,  reprinted  from  the  third,  crown  8vo,  cloth,  izs.  6d. 

Section  I.  On  the  Equality  and  Distribution  of  Forces  —  Section  II.  Resistance  of 
Timber  —  Section-  III.  Construction  of  Floors  —  Section  IV.  Construction  of  Roofs  —  Sec- 
tion V.  Construction  of  Domes  and  Cupolas — Section  VI.  Construction  of  Partitions — 
Section  VII.  Scaffolds,  Staging,  and  Gantries — Section  VIII.  Construction  of  Centres  for 
Bridges — Section  IX.  Coffer-dams,  Shoring,  and  Strutting — Section  X.  Wooden  Bridges 
and  Viaducts — Section  XI.  Joints,  Straps,  and  other  Fastenings — Section  XII.  Timber. 


PUBLISHED  BY  E.  &  F.  N.  SPON. 


The  Builder  s  Clerk :  a  Guide  to  the  Management 

of  a  Builder's  Business.    By  THOMAS  BALES.    Fcap.  8vo,  cloth,  is.  6d. 

Our  Factories,    Workshops,   and  Warehouses:   their 

Sanitary  and  Fire-Resisting  Arrangements.  By  B.  H.'THWAITE,  Assoc. 
Mem.  Inst.  C.E.  With  183  -wood  engravings,  crown  8vo,  cloth,  $s. 

Gold :  Its  Occurrence  and  Extraction,  embracing  the 

Geographical  and  Geological  Distribution  and  the  Mineralogical  Charac- 
ters of  Gold-bearing  rocks ;  the  peculiar  features  and  modes  of  working 
Shallow  Placers,  Rivers,  and  Deep  Leads  ;  Hydraulicing  ;  the  Reduction 
and  Separation  of  Auriferous  Quartz  ;  the  treatment  of  complex  Auriferous 
ores  containing  other  metals  ;  a  Bibliography  of  the  subject  and  a  Glossary 
of  Technical  and  Foreign  Terms.  By  ALFRED  G.  LOCK,  F.R.G.S.  With 
numerous  illustrations  and  maps,  1250  pp.,  super-royal  8vo,  cloth, 
2/.  12s.  6d. 

Iron  Roofs :  Examples  of  Design,  Description.  Illus- 
trated with  64  Working  Drawings  of  Exectited  Roofs.  By  ARTHUR  T. 
WALMISLEY,  Assoc.  Mem.  Inst.  C.E.  Second  edition,  revised,  imp.  4to, 
half-morocco,  3/.  3^. 

A  History  of  Electric  Telegraphy,  to  the  Year  1837. 

Chiefly  compiled  from  Original  Sources,  and  hitherto  Unpublished  Docu- 
ments, by  J.  J.  FAHIE,  Mem.  Soc.  of  Tel.  Engineers,  and  of  the  Inter- 
national Society  of  Electricians,  Paris.  Crown  8vo,  cloth,  gs. 

Spans'  Information  for  Colonial  Engineers.     Edited 

by  J.  T.  HURST.    Demy  8vo,  sewed. 
No.  i,  Ceylon.    By  ABRAHAM  DEANE,  C.E.    2s.  6d. 

CONTENTS  : 

Introductory  Remarks  —  Natural  Productions  —  Architecture  and  Engineering  — Topo- 
graphy, Trade,  and  Natural  History — Principal  Stations — Weights  and  Measures,  etc.,  etc. 

No.  2.  Southern  Africa,  including  the  Cape  Colony,  Natal,  and  the 
Dutch  Republics.  By  HENRY  HALL,  F.R.G.S.,  F.R.C.I.  With 
Map.  3-r.  6d. 

CONTENTS  : 

General  Description  of  South  Africa — Physical  Geography  with  reference  to  Engineering 
Operations — Notes  on  Labour  and  Material  in  Cape  Colony — Geological  Notes  on  Rock 
formation  in  South  Africa — Engineering  Instruments  for  Use  in  South  Africa— Principal 
Public  Works  in  Cape  Colony:  Railways,  Mountain  Roads  and  Passes,  Harbour  Works, 
Bridges,  Gas  Works,  Irrigation  and  Water  Supply,  Lighthouses,  Drainage  and  Sanitary 
Engineering,  Public  Buildings,  Mines — Table  of  Woods  in  South  Africa — Animals  used  for 
Draught  Purposes — Statistical  Notes — Table  of  Distances — Rates  of  Carriage,  etc. 

No.  3.  India.   By  F.  C.  DANVERS,  Assoc.  Inst.  C.E.  With  Map.  4?.  6d 
CONTENTS  : 

Physical  Geography  of  India — Building  Materials— Roads — Railways — Bridges — Irriga- 
tion—  River  Works  —  Harbours  —  Lighthouse  Buildings  —  Native  Labour  —  The  Principal 
Trees  of  India — Money — Weights  and  Measures — Glossary  of  Indian  Terms,  etc. 


CATALOGUE  OF  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS 


A  Practical  Treatise  on  Coal  Mining.     By  GEORGE 

G.  ANDRE,  F.G.S.,  Assoc.  Inst.  C.E.,  Member  of  the  Society  of  Engineers. 
With  82  lithographic  plates.  2  vols.,  royal  410,  cloth,  3/.  12s. 

A    Practical    Treatise   on    Casting  and   Founding \ 

including  descriptions  of  the  modern  machinery  employed  in  the  art.  By 
N.  E.  SPRETSON,  Engineer.  Third  edition,  with  82  plates  drawn  to 
scale,  412  pp.,  demy  8vo,  cloth,  i8j. 

The  Depreciation  of  Factories  and  their  Valuation. 

By  EWING  MATHESON,  M.  Inst.  C.E.    8vo,  cloth,  6s. 

A  Handbook  of  Electrical  Testing.     By  H.  R.  KEMPE, 

M.S.T.E.     Fourth  edition,  revised  and  enlarged,  crown  8vo,  cloth,  l6s. 

Gas  Works :  their  Arrangement,  Construction,  Plant, 

and  Machinery.  By  F.  COLYER,  M.  Inst.  C.E.  With  31  folding  plates, 
8vo,  cloth,  24^. 

The  Clerk  of  Works:  a  Vade-Mecum  for  all  engaged 

in  the  Superintendence  of  Building  Operations.  By  G.  G.  HOSKINS, 
F.R.I.B.A.  Third  edition,  fcap.  8vo,  cloth,  is.  6d. 

American   Foundry  Practice:    Treating   of  Loam, 

Dry  Sand,  and  Green  Sand  Moulding,  and  containing  a  Practical  Treatise 
upon  the  Management  of  Cupolas,  and  the  Melting  of  Iron.  By  T.  D. 
WEST,  Practical  Iron  Moulder  and  Foundry  Foreman.  Second  edition, 
'with  numerous  illustrations,  crown  8vo,  cloth,  lev.  6d. 

The  Maintenance  of  Macadamised  Roads.     By  T. 

CODRINGTON,  M.I.C.E,  F.G.S.,  General  Superintendent  of  County  Roads 
for  South  Wales.  8vo,  cloth,  6s. 

Hydra^llic   Steam   and  Hand  Power  Lifting  and 

Pressing  Machinery.  By  FREDERICK  COLYER,  M.  Inst.  C.E.,  M.  Inst.  M.E. 
With  73  plates,  8vo,  cloth,  i8j. 

P limps  and  Pumping  Machinery.      By  F.  COLYER, 

M.I.C.E.,  M.I.M.E.     With  23  folding  plates,  8vo,  cloth,  I2s.  6d. 

Pumps  and  Pumping  Machinery.     By   F.   COLYER. 

Second  Part.    With  II  large  plates,  8vo,  cloth,  12s.  6d. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Origin,  Progress,  Prevention,  and 

Cure  of  Dry  Rot  in  Timber;  with  Remarks  on  the  Means  of  Preserving 
Wood  from  Destruction  by  Sea- Worms,  Beetles,  Ants,  etc.  By  THOMAS 
ALLEN  BRITTON,  late  Surveyor  to  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Works, 
etc.,  etc.  With  10  plates,  crown  8vo,  cloth,  7*.  6d. 


PUBLISHED  BY  E.  &  F.  N.  SPON. 


The  Municipal  and  Sanitary  Engineer  s  Handbook. 

By  H.  PERCY  BOULNOIS,  Mem.  Inst.  C.E.,  Borough  Engineer,  Ports- 
mouth. With  numerous  illustrations,  demy  8vo,  cloth,  I2s.  6d. 

CONTENTS : 

The  Appointment  and  Duties  of  the  Town  Surveyor— Traffic— Macadamised  Roadways- 
Steam  Rolling — Road  Metal  and  Breaking — Pitched  Pavements — Asphalte — Wood  Pavements 
— Footpaths — Kerbs  and  Gutters — Street  Naming  and  Numbering— Street  Lighting — Sewer- 
age— Ventilation  of  Sewers — Disposal  of  Sewage — House  Drainage — Disinfection — Gas  and 
Water  Companies,  etc..  Breaking  up  Streets — Improvement  of  Private  Streets — Borrowing 
Powers — Artizans'  and  Labourers'  Dwellings — Public  Conveniences — Scavenging,  including 
Street  Cleansing — Watering  and  the  Removing  of  Snow— Planting  Street  Trees — Deposit  of 
Plans— Dangerous  Buildings — Hoardings — Obstructions — Improving  Street  Lines — Cellar 
Openings — Public  Pleasure  Grounds — Cemeteries — Mortuaries — Cattle  and  Ordinary  Markets 
— Public  Slaughter-houses,  etc. — Giving  numerous  Forms  of  Notices,  Specifications,  and 
General  Information  upon  these  and  other  subjects  of  great  importance  to  Municipal  Engi- 
neers and  others  engaged  in  Sanitary  Work. 

Metrical  Tables.     By  G.  L.  MOLESWORTH,  M.I.C.E. 

32mo,  cloth,  is.  6d. 

CONTENTS. 

General — Linear  Measures — Square  Measures — Cubic  Measures — Measures  of  Capacity- 
Weights — Combinations — Thermometers. 

Elements  of  Constriiction  for  Electro- Magnets.     By 

Count  TH.  Du  MONCEL,  Mem.  de  1'Institut  de  France.  Translated  from 
the  French  by  C.  J.  WHARTON.  Crown  8vo,  cloth,  4$-.  6d. 

Practical  Electrical  Units  Popularly  Explained,  with 

numeroiis  illustrations  and  Remarks.  By  JAMES  SWINBURNE,  late  of 
J.  W.  Swan  and  Co.,  Paris,  late  of  Brush-Swan  Electric  Light  Company, 
U.S.A.  i8mo,  cloth,  u.  6<t. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Use  of  Belting  for  the  Transmis- 
sion of  Power.  By  J.  H.  COOPER.  Second  edition,  illustrated,  8vo, 
cloth,  15^. 

A  Pocket-Book  of  Useful  Formula  and  Memoranda 

for  Civil  and  Mechanical  Engineers.  By  GuiLFORD  L.  MoLESWORTH, 
Mem.  Inst.  C.E.,  Consulting  Engineer  to  the  Government  of  India  for 
State  Railways.  With,  numerous  illustrations^  744  pp.  Twenty-first 
edition,  revised  and  enlarged,  32mo,  roan,  6s. 

SYNOPSIS  OF  CONTENTS: 

Surveying,  Levelling,  etc. — Strength  and  Weight  of  Materials — Earthwork,  Brickwork, 
Masonry,  Arches,  etc. — Struts,  Columns,  Beams,  and  Trusses — Flooring,  Roofing,  and  Roof 
Trusses — Girders,  Bridges,  etc. — Railways  and  Roads — Hydraulic  Formulae — Canals.  Sewers, 
Waterworks,  Docks — Irrigation  and  Breakwaters — Gas,  Ventilation,  and  Warming — Heat, 
Light,  Colour,  and  Sound — Gravity :  Centres,  Forces,  and  Powers — Millwork,  Teeth  of 
Wheels,  Shafting,  etc. — Workshop  Recipes — Sundry  Machinery — Animal  Power — Steam  and 
the  Steam  Engine — Water-power,  Water-wheels,  Turbines,  etc. — Wind  and  Windmills — 
Steam  Navigation,  Ship  Building,  Tonnage,  etc. — Gunnery,  Projectiles,  etc. — Weights, 
Measures,  and  Money — Trigonometry,  Conic  Sections,  and  Curves — Telegraphy— Mensura- 
tion— Tables  of  Areas  and  Circumference,  and  Arcs  of  Circles — Logarithms,  Square  and 
Cube  Roots,  Powers— Reciprocals,  etc.— Useful  Numbers— Differential  and  Integral  Calcu- 
lus— Algebraic  Signs — Telegraphic  Construction  and  Formulae. 


8  CATALOGUE  OF  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS 

Hints  on  Architectural  Draughtsmanship.    By  G.  W. 

TUXFORD  HALLATT.    Fcap.  8vo,  cloth,  is.  6d. 

Spans     Tables    and   Memoranda   for    Engineers; 

selected  and  arranged  by  J.  T.  HURST,  C.E.,  Author  of  'Architectural 
Surveyors'    Handbook/   '  Hurst's    Tredgold's    Carpentry,'   etc.      Ninth 
edition,  64010,  roan,  gilt  edges,  I s. ;  or  in  cloth  case,  I s.  6d. 
This  work  is  printed  in  a  pearl  type,  and  is  so  small,  measuring  only  2%  in.  by  if  in.  by 
i  in.  thick,  that  it  may  be  easily  carried  in  the  waistcoat  pocket. 

"  It  is  certainly  an  extremely  rare  thing  for  a  reviewer  to  be  called  upon  to  notice  a  volume 
measuring  but  25  in.  by  if  in.,  yet  these  dimensions  faithfully  represent  the  size  of  the  handy 
little  book  before  us.  The  volume — which  contains  118  printed  pages,  besides  a  few  blank 
pages  for  memoranda — is,  in  fact,  a  true  pocket-book,  adapted  for  being  carried  in  the  waist- 
coat pocket,  and  containing  a  far  greater  amount  and  variety  of  information  than  most  people 

would  imagine  could  be  compressed  into  so  small  a  space The  little  volume  has  been 

compiled  with  considerable  care  and  judgment,  and  we  can  cordially  recommend  it  to  our 
readers  as  a  useful  little  pocket  companion." — Engineering. 

A    Practical   Treatise  on   Natural  and  Artificial 

Concrete,  its  Varieties  and  Constructive  Adaptations.  By  HENRY  REID, 
Author  of  the  '  Science  and  Art  of  the  Manufacture  of  Portland  Cement.' 
New  Edition,  "with  59  woodcuts  and  $  plates,  8vo,  cloth,  15^. 

Notes  on  Concrete  and  Works  in  Concrete;  especially 

written  to  assist  those  engaged  upon  Public  Works.  By  JOHN  NEWMAN, 
Assoc.  Mem.  Inst.  C.E.,  crown  8vo,  cloth,  4^.  6d. 

Electricity  as  a  Motive  Power.     By  Count  TH.  Du 

MONCEL,  Membre  de  1'Institut  de  France,  and  P'RANK  GERALDY,  Inge- 
nieur  des  Ponts  et  Chaussees.  Translated  and  Edited,  with  Additions,  by 
C.  J.  WHARTON,  Assoc.  Soc.  Tel.  Eng.  and  Elec.  With  113  engravings 
and  diagrams,  crown  8vo,  cloth,  'js.  6d. 

Treatise  on  Valve-Gears,  with  special  consideration 

of  the  Link-Motions  of  Locomotive  Engines.  By  Dr.  GUSTAV  ZEUNER, 
Professor  of  Applied  Mechanics  at  the  Confederated  Polytechnikum  of 
Zurich.  Translated  from  the  Fourth  German  Edition,  by  Professor  J.  F. 
KLEIN,  Lehigh  University,  Bethlehem,  Pa.  Illustrated,  8vo,  cloth,  I2s.  6d. 

The  French- Polisher  s  Manual.  By  a  French- 
Polisher;  containing  Timber  Staining,  Washing,  Matching,  Improving, 
Painting,  Imitations,  Directions  for  Staining,  Sizing,  Embodying, 
Smoothing,  Spirit  Varnishing,  French-Polishing,  Directions  for  Re- 
polishing.  Third  edition,  royal  32mo,  sewed,  6d. 

Hops,    their    Cultivation,    Commerce,    and    Uses  in 

various  Countries.     By  P.  L.  SiMMONDS.     Crown  8vo,  cloth,  4$-.  6d. 

The   Principles  of  Graphic   Statics.      By   GEORGE 

SYDENHAM  CLARKE,  Capt.  Royal  Engineers.  With  112  illustrations. 
4to,  cloth,  I2s.  6d. 


PUBLISHED  BY  E.  &  F.  N.  SPON. 


Dynamo- Electric  Machinery :  A  Manual  for  Students 

of  Electro-technics.  By  SILVANUS  P.  THOMPSON,  B.A.,  D.Sc.,  Professor 
of  Experimental  Physics  in  University  College,  Bristol,  etc.,  etc.  Second 
edition,  illustrated,  8vo,  cloth,  I2s.  6d. 

Practical    Geometry,    Perspective,    and  -Engineering 

Drawing]  a  Course  of  Descriptive  Geometry  adapted  to  the  Require- 
ments of  the  Engineering  Draughtsman,  including  the  determination  of 
cast  shadows  and  Isometric  Projection,  each  chapter  being  followed  by 
numerous  examples  ;  to  which  are  added  rules  for  Shading,  Shade-lining, 
etc.,  together  with  practical  instructions  as  to  the  Lining,  Colouring, 
Printing,  and  general  treatment  of  Engineering  Drawings,  with  a  chapter 
on  drawing  Instruments.  By  GEORGE  S.  CLARKE,  Capt.  R.E.  Second 
edition,  with  21  plates.  2  vols.,  cloth,  IQS.  6d. 

The  Elements   of    Graphic   Statics.     By  Professor 

KARL  VON  OTT,  translated  from  the  German  by  G.  S.  CLARKE,  Capt. 
R.E.,  Instructor  in  Mechanical  Drawing,  Royal  Indian  Engineering 
College.  With  93  illustrations •,  crown  8vo,  cloth,  $s. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Manufacture  and  Distri- 
bution of  Coal  Gas.  By  WILLIAM  RICHARDS.  Demy  4to,  with  numerous 
wood  engravings  and  29  plates,  cloth,  28^. 

SYNOPSIS  OF  CONTENTS  : 

Introduction  —  History  of  Gas  Lighting  —  Chemistry  of  Gas  Manufacture,  by  Lewis 
Thompson,  Esq.,  M.R.C.S. — Coal,  with  Analyses,  by  J.  Paterson,  Lewis  Thompson,  and 
G.  R.  Hislop,  Esqrs. — Retorts,  Iron  and  Clay — Retort  Setting — Hydraulic  Main — Con- 
densers—  Exhausters — Washers  and  Scrubbers  —  Purifiers  —  Purification  —  History  of  Gas 
Holder  —  Tanks,  Brick  and  Stone,  Composite,  Concrete,  Cast-iron,  Compound  Annular 
Wrpught-iron  —  Specifications  —  Gas  Holders  —  Station  Meter — Governor  —  Distribution — 
Mains — Gas  Mathematics,  or  Formulae  for  the  Distribution  of  Gas,  by  Lewis  Thompson,  Esq. — 
Services — Consumers'  Meters — Regulators— Burners— Fittings— Photometer — Carburization 
of  Gas — Air  Gas  and  Water  Gas — Composition  of  Coal  Gas,  by  Lewis  Thompson,  Esq. — 
Analyses  of  Gas — Influence  of  Atmospheric  Pressure  and  Temperature  on  Gas — Residual 
Products — Appendix — Description  of  Retort  Settings,  Buildings,  etc.,  etc. 

The  New  Formula  for  Mean  Velocity  of  Discharge 

of  Rivers  and  Canals.  By  W.  R.  KUTTER.  Translated  from  articles  in 
the  '  Cultur-Ingenieur,'  by  Lowis  D'A.  JACKSON,  Assoc.  Inst.  C.E. 
8vo,  cloth,  I2s.  6d. 

The  Practical  Millwright  and  Engineers    Ready 

Reckoner;  or  Tables  for  finding  the  diameter  and  power  of  cog-wheels, 
diameter,  weight,  and  power  of  shafts,  diameter  and  strength  of  bolts,  etc, 
By  THOMAS  DIXON.  Fourth  edition,  I2mo,  cloth,  $s. 

Tin:    Describing   the    Chief  Methods   of  Mining, 

Dressing  and  Smelting  it  abroad  ;  with  Notes  upon  Arsenic,  Bismuth  and 
Wolfram.  By  ARTHUR  G.  CHARLETON,  Mem.  American  Inst,  of 
Mining  Engineers.  With  plates ;  8vo,  cloth,  I2s.  6d. 

»  3 


io  CATALOGUE  OF  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS 

Perspective,   Explained  and  Illustrated.     By  G.  S. 

CLARKE,  Capt.  R.E.     With  illustrations,  8vo,  cloth,  $s.  6d. 

Practical  Hydraulics  ;  a  Series  of  Rules  and  Tables 

for  the  use  of  Engineers,  etc.,  etc.  By  THOMAS  Box.  Fifth  edition, 
numerous  plates,  post  8vo,  cloth,  5^. 

The   Essential  Elements  of   Practical   Mechanics; 

based  on  the  Principle  of  Work,  designed  for  Engineering  Students.  By 
OLIVER  BYRNE,  formerly  Professor  of  Mathematics,  College  for  Civil 
Engineers.  Third  edition,  ivith  148  wood  engravings,  post  8vo,  cloth, 
7-y.  6d. 

CONTENTS : 

Chap.  I.  How  Work  is  Measured  by  a  Unit,  both  with  and  without  reference  to  a  Unit 
of  Time— Chap.  2.  The  Work  of  Living  Agents,  the  Influence  of  Friction,  and  introduces 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  Laws  of  Motion — Chap.  3.  The  principles  expounded  in  the  first  and 
second  chapters  are  applied  to  the  Motion  of  Bodies — Chap.  4.  The  Transmission  of  Work  by 
simple  Machines — Chap.  5.  Useful  Propositions  and  Rules. 

Breweries  and  Mailings :  -their  Arrangement,  Con- 
struction, Machinery,  and  Plant.  By  G.  SCAMELL,  F.R.I.B.A.  Second 
edition,  revised,  enlarged,  and  partly  rewritten.  By  F.  COLYER,  M.I.C.E., 
M.I.M.E.  With  20 plates %  8vo,  cloth,  iSs. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Construction  of  Hori- 
zontal and  Vertical  Water-wheels,  specially  designed  for  the  use  of  opera- 
tive mechanics.  By  WILLIAM  CULLEN,  Millwright  and  Engineer.  With 
II  plates.  Second  edition,  revised  and  enlarged,  small  4to,  cloth,  I2s.6d. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  Mill-gearing,  Wheels,  Shafts, 

Riggers,  etc.;  for  the  use  of  Engineers.  By  THOMAS  Box.  Third 
edition,  with  1 1  plates.  Crown  8vo,  cloth,  'js.  6d. 

Mining  Machinery:  a  Descriptive  Treatise  on  the 

Machinery,  Tools,  and  other  Appliances  used  in  Mining.  By  G.  G. 
ANDRE,  F.G.S.,  Assoc.  Inst.  C.E.,  Mem.  of  the  Society  of  Engineers. 
Royal  4to,  uniform  with  the  Author's  Treatise  on  Coal  Mining,  con- 
taining 182  plates,  accurately  drawn  to  scale,  with  descriptive  text,  in 
2  vols.,  cloth,  3/.  I2s. 

CONTENTS : 

Machinery  for  Prospecting,  Excavating,  Hauling,  and  Hoisting — Ventilation — Pumping— 
Treatment  of  Mineral  Products,  including  Gold  and  Silver,  Copper,  Tin,  and  Lead,  Iron 
Coal,  Sulphur,  China  Clay,  Brick  Earth,  etc. 

Tables  for  Setting  out  Curves  for  Railways,  Canals, 

Roads,  etc.,  varying  from  a  radius  of  five  chains  to  three  miles.  By  A. 
KENNEDY  and  R.  W.  HACKWOOD.  Illustrated,  32mo,  cloth,  zs.  6d.  - 


PUBLISHED  BY  E.  &  F.  N.  SPON.  n 


The  Science  and  Art  of  the  Manufacture  of  Portland 

Cement,  with  observations  on  some  of  its  constructive  applications.  With 
66  illustrations.  By  HENRY  REID,  C.E.,  Author  of  'A  Practical 
Treatise  on  Concrete,'  etc.,  etc.  8vo,  cloth,  iSs. 

The  Draughtsman  s  Handbook  of  Plan  and  Map 

Dr  -awing  ;  including  instructions  for  the  preparation  of  Engineering, 
Architectural,  and  Mechanical  Drawings.  With  numerous  illustrations 
in  the  text,  and  33  plates  (15  printed  in  colours').  By  G.  G.  ANDRE, 
F.G.S.,  Assoc.  Inst.  C.E.  4to,  cloth,  gs. 

CONTENTS  : 

The  Drawing  Office  and  its  Furnishings  —  Geometrical  Problems  —  Lines,  Dots,  and  their 
Combinations  —  Colours,  Shading,  Lettering,  Bordering,  and  North  Points  —  Scales  —  Plotting 
—  Civil  Engineers'  and  Surveyors'  Plans  —  Map  Drawing  —  Mechanical  and  Architectural 
Drawing  —  Copying  and  Reducing  Trigonometrical  Formulae,  etc.,  etc. 

The  B  oiler-maker  s  andiron  Ship-builders  Companion, 

comprising  a  series  of  original  and  carefully  calculated  tables,  of  the 
utmost  utility  to  persons  interested  in  the  iron  trades.  By  JAMES  FODEN, 
author  of  '  Mechanical  Tables,'  etc.  Second  «dition  revised,  with  illustra- 
tions^ crown  8vo,  cloth,  5^. 

Rock  Blasting:   a  Practical  Treatise  on  the  means 

employed  in  Blasting  Rocks  for  Industrial  Purposes.  By  G.  G.  ANDRE, 
F.G.S.,  Assoc.  Inst.  C.E.  With  56  illustrations  and  12  plates,  8vo,  cloth, 


Painting  and  Painters   Manual:  a  Book  of  Facts 

for  Painters  and  those  who  Use  or  Deal  in  Paint  Materials.  By  C.  L. 
CONDIT  and  J.  SCHELLER.  Illustrated,  8vo,  cloth,  icv.  6d. 

A  Treatise  on  Ropemaking  as  practised  in  public  and 

private  Rope-yards,  with  a  Description  of  the  Manufacture,  Rules,  Tables 
of  Weights,  etc.,  adapted  to  the  Trade,  Shipping,  Mining,  Railways, 
Builders,  etc.  By  R.  CHAPMAN,  formerly  foreman  to  Messrs.  Huddart 
and  Co.,  Limehouse,  and  late  Master  Ropemaker  to  H.M.  Dockyard, 
Deptford.  Second  edition,  I2mo,  cloth,  3.?. 

Laxtons  Builders   and  Contractors    Tables  ;   for  the 

use  of  Engineers,  Architects,  Surveyors,  Builders,  Land  Agents,  and 
others.  Bricklayer,  containing  22  tables,  with  nearly  30,000  calculations. 
4to,  cloth,  5j. 

Laxtons  Builders    and    Contractors'    Tables.     Ex- 

cavator, Earth,  Land,  Water,  and  Gas,  containing  53  tables,  with  nearly 
24,000  calculations.  4to,  cloth,  $s. 

B  4 


12  CATALOGUE  OF  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS 


Sanitary  Engineering:   a  Guide  to  the  Construction 

of  Works  of  Sewerage  and  House  Drainage,  with  Tables  for  facilitating 
the  calculations  of  the  Engineer.  By  BALDWIN  LATHAM,  C.E.,  M.  Inst. 
C.E.,  F.G.S.,  F.M.S.,  Past-President  of  the  Society  of  Engineers.  Second 
edition,  ivith  numerous  plates  and  woodcuts,  Svo,  cloth,  I/.  IDS. 

Screw  Cutting  Tables  for  Engineers  and  Machinists, 

giving  the  values  of  the  different  trains  of  Wheels  required  to  produce 
Screws  of  any  pitch,  calculated  by  Lord  Lindsay,  M.P.,  F.R.S.,  F.R.A.S., 
etc.  Cloth,  oblong,  2s. 

Screw   Cutting    Tables,   for  the  use  of  Mechanical 

Engineers,  showing  the  proper  arrangement  of  Wheels  for  cutting  the 
Threads  of  Screws  of  any  required  pitch,  with  a  Table  for  making  the 
Universal  Gas-pipe  Threads  and  Taps.  By  W.  A.  MARTIN,  Engineer. 
Second  edition,  oblong,  cloth,  u.,  or  sewed,  6d. 

A  Treatise  on  a  Practical  Method  of  Designing  Slide- 

Valve  Gears  by  Simple  Geometrical  Construction,  based  upon  the  principles 
enunciated  in  Euclid's  Elements,  and  comprising  the  various  forms  of 
Plain  Slide- Valve  and  Expansion  Gearing  ;  together  with  Stephenson's, 
Gooch's,  and  Allan's  Link-Motions,  as  applied  either  to  reversing  or  to 
variable  expansion  combinations.  By  EDWARD  J.  COWLING  WELCH, 
Memb.  Inst.  Mechanical  Engineers.  Crown  Svo,  cloth,  6s. 

Cleaning  and  Scouring :  a  Manual  for  Dyers,  Laun- 
dresses, and  for  Domestic  Use.    By  S.  CHRISTOPHER.    i8mo,  sewed,  6d. 

A    Glossary  of  Terms  used  in  Coal  Mining.      By 

WILLIAM  STUKELEY  GRESLEY,  Assoc.  Mem.  Inst.  C.E.,  F.G.S.,  Member 
of  the  North  of  England  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers.  Illustrated  with 
numerous  woodcuts  and  diagrams,  crown  Svo,  cloth,  5^-. 

A  Pocket-Book  for  Boiler  Makers  and  Steam  Users, 

comprising  a  variety  of  useful  information  for  Employer  and  Workman, 
Government  Inspectors,  Board  of  Trade  Surveyors,  Engineers  in  charge 
of  Works  and  Slips,  Foremen  of  Manufactories,  and  the  general  Steam- 
using  Public.  By  MAURICE  JOHN  SEXTON.  Second'  edition,  royal 
32mo,  roan,  gilt  edges,  5-r. 

Electrolysis:     a    Practical    Treatise    on    Nickeling, 

Coppering,  Gilding,  Silvering,  the  Refining  of  Metals,  and  the  treatment 
of  Ores  by  means  of  Electricity.  By  HIPPOLYTE  FONTAINE,  translated 
from  the  French  by  J.  A.  BERLY,  C.E.,  Assoc.  S.T.E.  With  engravings. 
Svo,  cloth,  9^. 


PUBLISHED  BY  E.  &  F.  N.  SPON.  13 


Barlow  s   Tables  of  Squares,    Cubes,  Square  Roots, 

Cube  Roots,  Reciprocals  of  all  Integer  Numbers  up  to  10,000.  Post  8vo, 
cloth,  6s. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Steam  Engine,  con- 
taining Plans  and  Arrangements  of  Details  for  Fixed  Steam  Engines, 
with  Essays  on  the  Principles  involved  in  Design  and  Construction.  By 
ARTHUR  RIGG,  Engineer,  Member  of  the  Society  of  Engineers  and  of 
the  Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain.  Demy  410,  copiously  illustrated 
with  woodcuts  and  96  plates,  in  one  Volume,  half-bound  morocco,  2/.  2s. ; 
or  cheaper  edition,  cloth,  2$s. 

This  work  Is  not,  in  any  sense,  an  elementary  treatise,  or  history  of  the  steam  engine,  but 
is  intended  to  describe  examples  of  Fixed  Steam  Engines  without  entering  into  the  wide 
domain  of  locomotive  or  marine  practice.  To  this  end  illustrations  will  be  given  of  the  most 
recent  arrangements  of  Horizontal,  Vertical,  Beam,  Pumping,  Winding,  Portable,  Semi- 
portable,  Corliss,  Allen,  Compound,  and  other  similar  Engines,  by  the  most  eminent  Firms  in 
Great  Britain  and  America.  The  laws  relating  to  the  action  and  precautions  to  be  observed 
in  the  construction  of  the  various  details,  such  as  Cylinders,  Pistons,  Piston-rods,  Connecting- 
rods,  Cross-heads,  Motion-blocks,  Eccentrics,  Simple,  Expansion,  Balanced,  and  Equilibrium 
Slide-valves,  and  Valve-gearing  will  be  minutely  dealt  with.  In  this  connection  will  be  found 
articles  upon  the  Velocity  of  Reciprocating  Parts  and  the  Mode  of  Applying  the  Indicator, 
Heat  and  Expansion  of  Steam  Governors,  and  the  like.  It  is  the  writer's  desire  to  draw 
illustrations  from  every  possible  source,  and  give  only  those  rules  that  present  practice  deems 
correct. 

A   Practical  Treatise  on  the   Science  of  Land  and 

Engineering  Surveying,  Levelling,  Estimating  Quantities,  etc.,  with  a 
general  description  of  the  several  Instruments  required  for  Surveying, 
Levelling,  Plotting,  etc.  By  H.  S.  MERRETT.  Fourth  edition,  revised 
by  G.  W.  USILL,  Assoc.  Mem.  Inst.  C.E.  41  plates,  with  illustrations 
and  tables,  royal  8vo,  cloth,  I2s.  6d. 

PRINCIPAL  CONTENTS  : 

Part  i.  Introduction  and  the  Principles  of  Geometry.  Part  2.  Land  Surveying;  com- 
prising General  Observations — The  Chain — Offsets  Surveying  by  the  Chain  only — Surveying 
Hilly  Ground — To  Survey  an  Estate  or  Parish  by  the  Chain  only — Surveying  with  the 
Theodolite — Mining  and  Town  Surveying — Railroad  Surveying — Mapping — Division  and 
Laying  out  of  Land— Observations  on  Enclosures— Plane  Trigonometry.  Part  3.  Levelling— 
Simple  and  Compound  Levelling — The  Level  Book — Parliamentary  Plan  and  Section- 
Levelling  with;a  Theodolite— Gradients— Wooden  Curves— To  Layout  a  Railway  Curve- 
Setting  out  Widths.  Part  4.  Calculating  Quantities  generally  for  Estimates — Cuttings  and 
Embankments — Tunnels — Brickwork — Ironwork — Timber  Measuring.  Part  5.  Description 
and  Use  of  Instruments  in  Surveying  and  Plotting — The  Improved  Dumpy  Level — Troughton's 
Level  — The  Prismatic  Compass  —  Proportional  Compass— Box  Sextant— Vernier  —  Panta- 
graph — Merrett's  Improved  Quadrant — Improved  Computation  Scale— The  Diagonal  Scale- 
Straight  Edge  and  Sector.  Part  6.  Logarithms  of  Numbers  —  Logarithmic  Sines  and 
Co-Sines,  Tangents  and  Co-Tangents—Natural  Sines  and  Co-Sines—Tables  for  Earthwork, 
for  Setting  out  Curves,  and  for  various  Calculations,  etc.,  etc.,  etc. 

Health  and  Comfort  in  House  Building,  or  Ventila- 
tion with  Warm  Air  by  Self- Acting  Suction  Power,  with  Review  of  the 
mode  of  Calculating  the  Draught  in  Hot- Air  Flues,  and  with  some  actual 
Experiments.  By  J.  DRYSDALE,  M.D.,  and  J.  W.  HAYWARD,  M.D. 
Second  edition,  with  Supplement,  with  plates,  demy  8vo,  cloth,  fs.  6d. 


14  CATALOGUE  OF  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS. 


The  Assayers  Manual:    an  Abridged  Treatise  on 

the  Docimastic  Examination  of  Ores  and  Furnace  and  other  Artificial 
Products.  By  BRUNO  KERL.  Translated  by  W.  T.  BRANNT.  With  65 
illustrations,  8vo,  cloth,  \2s.  6d. 

Electricity:  its  Theory,  Sources,  and  Applications. 

By  J.  T.  SPRAGUE,  M.S.T.E.  Second  edition,  revised  and  enlarged,  -with 
numerous  illustrations,  crown  8vo,  cloth,  i$s. 

The  Practice  of  Hand  Turning  in  Wood,  Ivory,  Shell, 

etc.,  with  Instructions  for  Turning  such  Work  in  Metal  as  may  be  required 
in  the  Practice  of  Turning  in  Wood,  Ivory,  etc.  ;  also  an  Appendix  on 
Ornamental  Turning.  (A  book  for  beginners.)  By  FRANCIS  CAMPIN. 
Third  edition,  with,  wood  engravings,  crown  8vo,  cloth,  6s. 

CONTENTS : 

On  Lathes — Turning  Tools — Turning  Wood — Drilling — Screw  Cutting — Miscellaneous 
Apparatus  and  Processes — Turning  Particular  Forms — Staining — Polishing — Spinning  Metals 
— Materials — Ornamental  Turning,  etc. 

Treatise  on  Watchwork,  Past  and  Present.     By  the 

Rev.  H.  L.  NELTHROPP,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  With  32  illustrations,  crown 
8vo,  cloth,  6s.  6d. 

CONTENTS : 

Definitions  of  'Words  and  Terms  used  in  Watchwork — Tools — Time — Historical  Sum- 
mary— On  Calculations  of  the  Numbers  for  Wheels  and  Pinions;  their  Proportional  Sizes, 
Trains,  etc.— Of  Dial  Wheels,  or  Motion  Work— Length  of  Time  of  Going  without  Winding 
up— The  Verge— The  Horizontal— The  Duplex— The  Lever— The  Chronometer— Repeating 
Watches— Keyless  Watches— The  Pendulum,  or  Spiral  Spring — Compensation — Jewelling  of 
Pivot  Holes— Clerkenwell— Fallacies  of  the  Trade— Incapacity  of  Workmen— How  to  Choose 
and  Use  a  Watch,  etc. 

Algebra   Self-Taught.      By  W.    P.    HIGGS,    M.A., 

D.Sc.,  LL.D.,  Assoc.  InsL  C.E.,  Author  of  *  A  Handbook  of  the  Differ- 
ential Calculus,'  etc.  Second  edition,  crown  8vo,  cloth,  zs.  6d. 

CONTENTS : 

Symbols  and  the  Signs  of  Operation — The  Equation  and  the  Unknown  Quantity- 
Positive  and  Negative  Quantities — Multiplication — Involution — Exponents — Negative  Expo- 
nents— Roots,  and  the  Use  of  Exponents  as  Logarithms — Logarithms — Tables  of  Logarithms 
and  Proportionate  Parts  —  Transformation  of  System  of  Logarithms — Common  Uses  of 
Common  Logarithms — Compound  Multiplication  and  the  Binomial  Theorem— Division, 
Fractions,  and  Ratio — Continued  Proportion — The  Series  and  the  Summation  of  the  Series — 
Limit  of  Series — Square  and  Cube  Roots — Equations — List  of  Formulae,  etc. 

Spons  Dictionary  of  Engineering,  Civil,  Mechanical, 

Military,  and  Naval;  with  technical  terms  in  French,  German,  Italian, 
and  Spanish,  3100  pp.,  and  nearly  8000  engravings,  in  super-royal  8vo, 
in  8  divisions,  5/.  8j.  Complete  in  3  vols.,  cloth,  5/.  5.?.  Bound  in  a 
superior  manner,  half-morocco,  top  edge  gilt,  3  vols.,  61.  I2s. 


PUBLISHED  BY  E.  &  F.  N.  SPON.  15 


Notes  in  Mechanical  Engineering.  Compiled  prin- 
cipally for  the  use  of  the  Students  attending  the  Classes  on  this  subject  at 
the  City  of  London  College.  By  HENRY  ADAMS,  Mem.  Inst.  M.E., 
Mem.  Inst.  C.E.,  Mem.  Soc.  of  Engineers.  Crown  8vo,  cloth,  2s.  6d. 

0 

Canoe  and  Boat  Building:   a  complete  Manual  for 

Amateurs,  containing  plain  and  comprehensive  directions  for  the  con- 
struction of  Canoes,  Rowing  and  Sailing  Boats,  and  Hunting  Craft. 
By  W.  P.  STEPHENS.  With  numerous  illustrations  and  24  plates  of 
Working  Drawings.  Crown  8vo,  cloth,  'js.  6d. 

Proceedings  of  the  National  Conference  of  Electricians > 

Philadelphia,  October  8th  to  I3th,  1884.     i8mo,  cloth,  3*. 

Dynamo  -  Electricity,    its    Generation,    Application, 

Transmission,  Storage,  and  Measurement.  By  G.  B.  PRESCOTT.  With 
545  illustrations.  8vo,  cloth,  I/,  is. 

Domestic  Electricity  for  Amateurs.    Translated  from 

the  French  of  E.  HOSPITALIER,  Editor  of  "  L'Electricien,"  by  C.  J. 
WHARTON,  Assoc.  Soc.  Tel.  Eng.  Numerous  illustrations.  Demy  8vo, 
cloth,  9^. 

CONTENTS : 

i.  Production  of  the  Electric  Current— 2.  Electric  Bells — 3.  Automatic  Alarms — 4.  Domestic 
Telephones — 5.  Electric  Clocks — 6.  Electric  Lighters — 7.  ^Domestic  Electric  Lighting — 
8.  Domestic  Application  of  the  Electric  Light— 9.  Electric  Motors— 10.  Electrical  Locomo- 
tion— ii.  Electrotyping,  Plating,  and  Gilding — 12.  Electric  Recreations — 13.  Various  appli- 
cations— Workshop  of  the  Electrician. 

Wrinkles  in  Electric  L  ighting.    By  VINCENT  STEPHEN. 

With  illustrations.     i8mo,  cloth,  2s.  6d. 

CONTENTS  : 

i.  The  Electric  Current  and  its  production  by  Chemical  means — 2.  Production  of  Electric 
Currents  by  Mechanical  means — 3.  Dynamo-Electric  Machines — 4.  Electric  Lamps — 
5.  Lead— 6.  Ship  Lighting. 

The  Practical  Flax  Spinner  ;  being  a  Description  of 

the  Growth,  Manipulation,  and  Spinning  of  Flax  and  Tow.  By  LESLIE 
C.  MARSHALL,  of  Belfast.  With  illustrations.  8vo,  cloth,  15.5-. 

Foundations  and  Foundation  Walls  for  all  classes  of 

Buildings,  Pile  Driving,  Building  Stones  and  Bricks,  Pier  and  Wall 
construction,  Mortars,  Limes,  Cements,  Concretes,  Stuccos,  &c.  64  illus- 
trations. By  G.  T.  POWELL  and  F.  BAUMAN.  8vo,  cloth,  IDS.  6d. 


1 6  CATALOGUE  OF  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS 


Manual  for  Gas  Engineering  Students.     By  D.  LEE. 

l8mo,  cloth  is. 

Hydraulic  Machinery,  Past  and  Present.    A  Lecture 

delivered  to  the  London  and  Suburban  Railway  Officials'  Association. 
By  H.  ADAMS,  Mem.  Inst.  C.E.  Folding  plate.  8vo,  sewed,  u. 

Twenty  Years  with  the  Indicator.    By  THOMAS  PRAY, 

Jun.,  C.E.,  M.E.,  Member  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers. 
2  vols.,  royal  8vo,  cloth,  I2s.  6d. 

Annual  Statistical  Report  of  the  Secretary  to  the 

Members  of  the  Iron  and  Steel  Association  on  the  Home  and  Foreign  Iron 
and  Steel  Indtistries  in  1884.  Issued  March  1885.  8vo,  sewed,  5^. 

Bad  Drains,  and  How  to  Test  them ;  with  Notes  on 

the  Ventilation  of  Sewers,  Drains,  and  Sanitary  Fittings,  and  the  Origin 
and  Transmission  of  Zymotic  Disease.  By  R.  HARRIS  REEVES.  Crown 
8vo,  cloth,  3-r.  6d. 

Standard  Practical  Plumbing ;    being   a   complete 

Encyclopaedia  for  Practical  Plumbers  and  Guide  for  Architects,  Builders, 
Gas  Fitters,  Hot-water  Fitters,  Ironmongers,  Lead  Burners,  Sanitary 
Engineers,  Zinc  Workers,  &c.  Illustrated  by  over  2000  engravings.  By 
P.  J.  DAVIES.  Vol.  I,  royal  8vo,  cloth,  7*.  6d. 

Pneumatic   Transmission   of  Messages   and  Parcels 

between  Paris  and  London,  via  Calais  and  Dover.  By  J.  B.  BERLIER, 
C.E.  Small  folio,  sewed,  6d. 

List  of  Tests  (Reagents),  arranged  in  alphabetical 

order,  according  to  the  names  of  the  originators.  Designed  especially 
for  the  convenient  reference  of  Chemists,  Pharmacists,  and  Scientists. 
By  HANS  M.  WILDER.  Crown  8vo,  cloth,  4^.  6d. 

Ten    Years    Experience   in    Works   of  Intermittent 

Downward  Filtration.  By  J.  BAILEY  DENTON,  Mem.  Inst.  C.E. 
Second  edition,  with  additions.  Royal  8vo,  sewed,  qs. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Manufacture  of  Soap  and  Candles, 

Lubricants  and  Glycerin.  By  W.  LANT  CARPENTER,  B.A.,  B.Sc.  (late 
of  Messrs.  C.  Thomas  and  Brothers,  Bristol).  With  illustrations.  Crown 
8vo,  cloth,  ioj.  6d. 


PUBLISHED  BY  E.  &  F.  N.  SPON. 


The  Stability  of  Ships  explained  simply,  and  calculated 

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3-r.  6J. 

Steam  Making,  or  Boiler  Practice.     By  CHARLES  A. 

SMITH,  C.E.    8vo,  cloth,  los.  6d. 

CONTENTS : 

i.  The  Nature  of  Heat  and  the  Properties  of  Steam — 2.  Combustion. — 3.  Externally  Fired 
Stationary  Boilers— 4.  Internally  Fired  Stationary  Boilers — 5.  Internally  Fired  Portable 
Locomotive  and  Marine  Boilers — 6.  Design,  Construction,  and  Strength  of  Boilers— 7.  Pro- 
portions of  Heating  Surface,  Economic  Evaporation,  Explosions — 8.  Miscellaneous  Boilers, 
Choice  of  Boiler  Fittings  and  Appurtenances. 

The  Fir emans  Guide ;  a  Handbook  on  the  Care  of 

Boilers.  By  TEKNOLOG,  foreningen  T.  I.  Stockholm.  Translated  from 
the  third  edition,  and  revised  by  KARL  P.  DAHLSTROM,  M.E.  Second 
edition.  Fcap.  8vo,  cloth,  2s. 

A   Treatise  on  Modern  Steam  Engines  and  Boilers, 

including  Land  Locomotive,  and  Marine  Engines  and  Boilers,  for  the 
use  of  Students.  By  FREDERICK  COLYER,  M.  Inst.  C.E.,  Mem.  Inst.  M.E. 
With  ifrplates.  4to,  cloth,  25*. 

CONTENTS : 

i.  Introduction — 2.  Original  Engines — 3.  Boilers — 4.  High-Pressure  Beam  Engines — 5. 
Cornish  Beam  Engines — 6.  Horizontal  Engines — 7.  Oscillating  Engines — 8.  Vertical  High- 
Pressure  Engines — 9.  Special  Engines — 10.  Portable  Engines — n.  Locomotive  Engines — 
£2.  Marine  Engines. 

Steam    Engine    Management;    a   Treatise    on    the 

Working  and  Management  of  Steam  Boilers.  By  F.  COLYER,  M.  Inst. 
C.E.,  Mem.  Inst.  M.E.  i8mo,  cloth,  2s. 

Land  Surveying  on  the  Meridian  and  Perpendicular 

System.    By  WILLIAM  PENMAN,  C.E.    8vo,  cloth,  8s.  6d. 

The    Topographer,    his   Instalments    and   Methods, 

designed  for  the  use  of  Students,  Amateur  Photographers,  Surveyors, 
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A  Text-Book  of  Tanning,  embracing  the  Preparation 

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In  super-royal  8vo,  1168  pp.,  with  2400  illustrations,  in   3  Divisions,  cloth,  price  13*.  &/ 
each  ;  or  i  vol.,  cloth,  a/.  ;  or  half-morocco,  a/.  8s. 

A    SUPPLEMENT 

TO 

SPONS'  DICTIONARY  OF  ENGINEERING 

EDITED  BY  ERNEST  SPON,  MEMB.  Soc.  ENGINEERS. 


Abacus,  Counters,  Speed 

Indicators,    and    Slide 

Rule. 
Agricultural  Implements  i 

and  Machinery. 
Air  Compressors. 
Animal  Charcoal  Ma- ; 

chinery. 
Antimony. 

Axles  and  Axle-boxes. 
Barn  Machinery. 
Belts  and  Belting. 
Blasting.     Boilers. 
Brakes. 

Brick  Machinery. 
Bridges. 

Cages  for  Mines. 
Calculus,  Differential  and 

Integral. 
Canals. 
Carpentry. 
Cast  Iron. 
Cement,       Concrete, 

Limes,  and  Mortar. 
Chimney  Shafts. 
Coal      Cleansing       and 

Washing. 


Coal  Mining. 

Coal  Cutting  Machines. 

Coke  Ovens.     Copper. 

Docks.     Drainage. 

Dredging  Machinery. 

Dynamo  -  Electric  and 
Magneto-Electric  Ma- 
chines. 

Dynamometers. 

Electrical     Engineering, 
Telegraphy,      Electric  j 
Lighting  and  its  prac- 
ticaldetails,Telephones  i 

Engines,  Varieties  of. 

Explosives.    Fans. 

Founding,  Moulding  and 
the  practical  work  of 
the  Foundry. 

Gas,  Manufacture  of. 

Hammers,  Steam  and 
other  Power. 

Heat.     Horse  Power. 

Hydraulics. 

Hydro-geology. 

Indicators.     Iron. 

Lifts,  Hoists,  and  Eleva- 
tors. 


Lighthouses,  Buoys,  and 
Beacons. 

Machine  Tools. 

Materials  of  Construc- 
tion. 

Meters. 

Ores,  Machinery  and 
Processes  employed  to 
Dress. 

Piers. 

Pile  Driving. 

Pneumatic    Transmis- 
sion. 

Pumps. 

Pyrometers. 

Road  Locomotives. 

Rock  Drills. 

Rolling  Stock. 

Sanitary  Engineering. 

Shafting. 

Steel. 

Steam  Navvy. 

Stone  Machinery. 

Tramways. 

Well  Sinking. 


London :  E.  &  F.  N.  SPON,  125,  Strand. 

New  York :   35,  Murray  Street. 


NOW    COMPLETE. 

With  nearly    1500  illustrations,  in  super-royal   8vo,  in   5  Divisions,   cloth, 
Divisions  I  to  4,  13^.  6d.  each  ;   Division  5,  i"js.  6d. ;  or  2  vols.,  cloth,  £$  los. 

SPONS'  ENCYCLOPAEDIA 

OF  THB 

INDUSTRIAL  ARTS,  MANUFACTURES,  AND  COMMERCIAL 
PRODUCTS. 

EDITED  BY  C.  G.  WARNFORD  LOCK,  F.L.S. 

important   of  the   subjects  treated  of,   are  the 


Among  the  more 
following  : — 
Acids,  207  pp.  220  figs. 
Alcohol,  23  pp.  1 6  figs. 
Alcoholic  Liquors,  13  pp. 
Alkalies,  89  pp.  78  figs. 
Alloys.  Alum. 

Asphalt.         Assaying. 
Beverages,  89  pp.  29  figs. 
Blacks. 

Bleaching  Powder,  15  pp. 
Bleaching,  51  pp.  48  figs. 
Candles,  18  pp.  9  figs. 
Carbon  Bisulphide. 
Celluloid,  9  pp. 
Cements.       Clay. 
Coal-tar  Products,  44  pp. 

14  figs. 
Cocoa,  8  pp. 
Coffee,  32  pp.  13  figs. 
Cork,  8  pp.  17  figs. 
Cotton  Manufactures,  62 

pp.  57  figs. 
Drugs,  38  pp. 
Dyeing  and  Calico 

Printing,  28  pp.  9  figs. 
Dyestuffs,  16  pp. 
Electro-Metallurgy,      13 

pp. 

Explosives,  22  pp.  33  figs. 
Feathers. 
Fibrous   Substances,    92 

pp.  79  figs. 
Floor-cloth,    16    pp.   21 

figs. 

Food  Preservation,  8  pp. 
Fruit,  8  pp. 


Fur,  5  pp. 

Gas,  Coal,  8  pp. 

Gems. 

Glass,  45  pp.  77  figs. 

Graphite,  7  pp. 

Hair,  7  pp. 

Hair  Manufactures. 

Hats,  26  pp.  26  figs. 

Honey.          Hops. 

Horn. 

Ice,  10  pp.  14  figs. 

Indiarubber       Manufac- 
tures, 23  pp.  17  figs. 

Ink,  17  pp. 

Ivory. 

Jute    Manufactures,     1 1 
pp.,  II  figs. 

Knitted      Fabrics  — 
Hosiery,  15  pp.  13  figs. 

Lace,  13  pp.  9  figs. 

Leather,  28  pp.  31  figs. 

Linen  Manufactures,   16 
pp.  6  figs. 

Manures,  21  pp.  30  figs. 

Matches,  17  pp.  38  figs. 

Mordants,  13  pp. 

Narcotics,  47  pp. 

Nuts,  10  pp. 

Oils    and     Fatty     Sub- 
stances, 125  pp. 

Paint. 

Paper,  26  pp.  23  figs. 

Paraffin,  8  pp.  6  figs. 

Pearl  and  Coral,  8  pp. 

Perfumes,  10  pp. 


Photography,   13  pp.  20 

figs- 
Pigments,  9  pp.  6  figs. 
Pottery,  46  pp.  57  figs. 
Printing  and  Engraving, 

20  pp.  8  figs. 
Rags. 
Resinous    and     Gummy 

Substances,  75  pp.  16 

figs. 

Rope,  i6pp.  17  figs. 
Salt,  31  pp.  23  figs. 
Silk,  8  pp. 
Silk  Manufactures,  9  pp, 

II  figs. 
Skins,  5  pp. 
Small  Wares,  4  pp. 
Soap  and  Glycerine,  39- 

pp.  45  figs. 
Spices,  1 6  pp. 
Sponge,  5  pp. 
Starch,  9  pp.  10  figs. 
Sugar,     155     pp.      134 

figs- 
Sulphur. 
Tannin,  18  pp. 
Tea,  12  pp. 
Timber,  13  pp. 
Varnish,  15  pp. 
Vinegar,  5  pp. 
Wax,  5  pp. 

Wool,  2  pp. 

Woollen    Manufactures, 
58  pp.  39  figs. 


London :  E.  &  F.  N.  SPON,  125,  Strand. 
New  York :  35,  Murray  Street. 


Crown  8vo,  cloth,  with  illustrations,  $s. 

WORKSHOP   RECEIPTS, 

FIRST   SERIES. 

BY  ERNEST    SPON. 


SYNOPSIS  OF  CONTENTS. 

Freezing. 

Fulminates. 

Furniture  Creams,  Oils, 
Polishes,  Lacquers, 
and  Pastes. 

Gilding. 

Glass  Cutting,  Cleaning, 
Frosting,  Drilling, 
Darkening,  Bending, 
Staining,  and  Paint- 
ing. 

Glass  Making. 

Glues. 

Gold. 

Graining. 

Gums. 

Gun  Cotton. 

Gunpowder. 

Horn  Working. 

Indiarubber. 

Japans,  Japanning,  and 
kindred  processes. 

Lacquers. 

Lathing. 

Lubricants. 

Marble  Working. 

Matches. 

Mortars. 

Nitre-Glycerine. 

Oils. 


Bookbinding. 

Bronzes  and  Bronzing. 

Candles. 

Cement. 

Cleaning. 

Colourwashing. 

Concretes. 

Dipping  Acids. 

Drawing  Office  Details. 

Drying  Oils. 

Dynamite. 

Electro  -  Metallurgy  — 

(Cleaning,      Dipping, 

Scratch-brushing,  Bat- 
teries,      Baths,       and 

Deposits      of      every  j 

description). 
Enamels. 
Engraving     on     Wood, 

Copper,  Gold,  Silver, 

Steel,  and  Stone. 
Etching  and  Aqua  Tint. 
Firework      Making    — 

(Rockets,  Stars,  Rains, 

Gerbes,     Jets,     Tour- 
billons,  Candles,  Fires, 

Lances,Lights,  Wheels, 

Fire-balloons,    and 

minor  Fireworks). 
Fluxes. 
Foundry  Mixtures. 

Besides  Receipts  relating  to  the  lesser  Technological  matters  and  processes, 
such  as  the  manufacture  and  use  of  Stencil  Plates,  Blacking,  Crayons,  Paste, 
Putty,  Wax, '  Size,  Alloys,  Catgut,  Tunbridge  Ware,  Picture  Frame  and 
Architectural  Mouldings,  Compos,  Cameos,  and  others  too  numerous  to 
mention. 


Paper. 

Paper  Hanging. 

Painting  in  Oils,  in  Water 
Colours,  as  well  as 
Fresco,  House,  Trans- 
parency, Sign,  and 
Carriage  Painting. 

Photography. 

Plastering. 

Polishes. 

Pottery— (Clays,  Bodies, 
Glazes,  Colours,  Oils, 
Stains,  Fluxes,  Ena- 
mels, and  Lustres). 

Scouring. 

Silvering. 

Soap. 

Solders. 

Tanning. 

Taxidermy. 

Tempering  Metals. 

Treating  Horn,  Mother- 
o'- Pearl,  and  like  sub- 
stances. 

Varnishes,  Manufacture 
and  Use  of. 

Veneering. 

Washing. 

Waterproofing. 

Welding. 


London:  E.  &  F.  N.  SPON,  125,  Strand. 

New  York:  35,  Murray  Street. 


Crown  8vo,  cloth,  485  pages,  with  illustrations,  5-sv 

WORKSHOP   RECEIPTS, 

SECOND   SERIES. 

BY    ROBERT    HALDANE. 

SYNOPSIS  OF  CONTENTS. 


Acidimetry  and   Alkali- 

Disinfectants. 

Isinglass. 

metry. 

Dyeing,     Staining,     and 

Ivory  substitutes* 

Albumen. 

Colouring. 

Leather. 

Alcohol. 

Essences. 

Luminous  bodies. 

Alkaloids. 

Extracts. 

Magnesia. 

Baking-powders. 

Fireproofing. 

Matches. 

Bitters. 

Gelatine,  Glue, 

and  Size. 

Paper. 

Bleaching. 

Glycerine. 

Parchment. 

Boiler  Incrustations. 

Gut. 

Perchloric  acid. 

Cements  and  Lutes. 
Cleansing. 

Hydrogen  peroxide. 

Potassium  oxalate. 
Preserving. 

Confectionery. 

Iodine. 

Copying. 

lodoform. 

Pigments,  Paint,  and  Painting  :  embracing  the  preparation  of 
Pigments,  including  alumina  lakes,  blacks  (animal,  bone,  Frankfort,  ivory, 
lamp,  sight,  soot),  blues  (antimony,  Antwerp,  cobalt,  cseruleum,  Egyptian,, 
manganate,  Paris,  Peligot,  Prussian,  smalt,  ultramarine),  browns  (bistre,, 
hinau,  sepia,  sienna,  umber,  Vandyke),  greens  (baryta,  Brighton,  Brunswick, 
chrome,  cobalt,  Douglas,  emerald,  manganese,  mitis,  mountain,  Prussian, 
sap,  Scheele's,  Schweinfurth,  titanium,  verdigris,  zinc),  reds  (Brazilwood  lake, 
carminated  lake,  carmine,  Cassius  purple,  cobalt  pink,  cochineal  lake,  colco- 
thar,  Indian  red,  madder  lake,  red  chalk,  red  lead,  vermilion),  whites  (alum, 
baryta,  Chinese,  lead  sulphate,  white  lead — by  American,  Dutch,  French, 
German,  Kremnitz,  and  Pattinson  processes,  precautions  in  making,  and 
composition  of  commercial  samples — whiting,  Wilkinson's  white,  zinc  white), 
yellows  (chrome,  gamboge,  Naples,  orpiment,  realgar,  yellow  lakes) ;  Paint 
(vehicles,  testing  oils,  driers,  grinding,  storing,  applying,  priming,  drying, 
filling,  coats,  brushes,  surface,  water-colours,  removing  smell,  discoloration  'r 
miscellaneous  paints — cement  paint  for  carton-pierre,  copper  paint,  gold  paint, 
iron  paint,  lime  paints,  silicated  paints,  steatite  paint,  transparent  paints, 
tungsten  paints,  window  paint,  zinc  paints) ;  Painting  (general  instructions, 
proportions  of  ingredients,  measuring  paint  work  ;  carriage  painting — priming; 
paint,  best  putty,  finishing  colour,  cause  of  cracking,  mixing  the  paints,  oils, 
driers,  and  colours,  varnishing,  importance  of  washing  vehicles,  re -varnishing^ 
how  to  dry  paint ;  woodwork  painting). 


London :  E.  &  F.  N.  SPON,  125,  Strand, 

New  York :  35,  Murray  Street. 


JUST 


Crown  8vo,  cloth,  480  pages,  with  183  illustrations,  5-r. 

WORKSHOP   RECEIPTS, 

THIRD   SERIES. 
BY   C.  G.  WARNFORD   LOCK. 

Uniform  with  the  First  and  Second  Series. 


Alloys. 

Aluminium. 

Antimony. 

Barium. 

Beryllium. 

Bismuth. 

Cadmium. 

Caesium. 

Calcium. 

•Cerium. 

•Chromium. 

Cobalt. 

Copper. 

Didymium. 

Electrics. 

Enamels  and  Glazes. 

Erbium. 

•Gallium. 

Glass. 

Gold. 


London :  E.  &  F.  N.  SPON,  125,  Strand. 

New  York :   35,  Murray  Street. 


SYNOPSIS  OF  CONTENTS. 

Indium.                               ;  Rubidium. 

Iridium.                                 Ruthenium. 

Iron  and  Steel.                     Selenium. 

Lacquers  and  Lacquering.    Silver. 

Lanthanum. 

Slag. 

Lead. 

Sodium. 

Lithium. 

Strontium. 

Lubricants. 

Tantalum. 

Magnesium. 

Terbium. 

Manganese.                           Thallium. 

Mercury. 

Thorium. 

Mica. 

Tin. 

Molybdenum. 

Titanium. 

Nickel. 

Tungsten. 

Niobium. 

Uranium. 

Osmium. 

Vanadium. 

Palladium. 

Yttrium. 

Platinum. 

Zinc. 

Potassium. 

Zirconium. 

Rhodium. 

WORKSHOP  RECEIPTS, 

FOURTH  SERIES, 

DEVOTED  MAINLY  TO  HANDICRAFTS  &  MECHANICAL  SUBJECTS. 
BY   C.   G.   WARNFORD   LOCK. 

250  Illustrations,  with  Complete  Index,  and  a  General  Index  to  the 
Four  Series,  5s. 


Waterproofing  —  rubber  goods,    cuprammonium   processes,    miscellaneous 

preparations. 
Packing  and  Storing  articles  of  delicate  odour  or  colour,  of  a  deliquescent 

character,  liable  to  ignition,  apt  to  suffer  from  insects  or  damp,  or  easily 

broken. 

Embalming  and  Preserving  anatomical  specimens. 
Leather  Polishes. 
Cooling  Air  and  Water,  producing  low  temperatures,  making  ice,  cooling 

syrups  and  solutions,  and  separating  salts  from  liquors  by  refrigeration. 
Pumps  and  Siphons,  embracing  every  useful  contrivance  for  raising  and 

supplying  water  on  a  moderate  scale,  and  moving  corrosive,  tenacious, 

and  other  liquids. 
Desiccating — air-  and  water-ovens,  and  other  appliances  for  drying  natural 

and  artificial  products. 
Distilling— water,  tinctures,  extracts,  pharmaceutical  preparations,  essences, 

perfumes,  and  alcoholic  liquids. 

Emulsifying  as  required  by  pharmacists  and  photographers. 
Evaporating — saline  and  other   solutions,   and  liquids   demanding   special 

precautions. 

Filtering — water,  and  solutions  of  various  kinds. 
Percolating  and  Macerating. 
Electrotyping. 

Stereotyping  by  both  plaster  and  paper  processes. 
Bookbinding  in  all  its  details. 

Straw  Plaiting  and  the  fabrication  of  baskets,  matting,  etc. 
Musical    Instruments — the   preservation,    tuning,    and  repair   of  pianos, 

harmoniums,  musical  boxes,  etc. 

Clock  and  Watch  Mending — adapted  for  intelligent  amateurs. 
Photography — recent   development   in   rapid   processes,    handy   apparatus, 

numerous  recipes  for  sensitizing  and  developing  solutions,  and  applica- 
tions to  modern  illustrative  purposes. 


London :  E.  &  F.  N.  SPON,  125,  Strand. 
New  York :  35,  Murray  Street. 


JEJST 


In  demy  8vo,  cloth,  600  pages,  and  1420  Illustrations,  6s. 

SPONS' 
MECHANICS'   OWN   BOOK; 

A  MANUAL  FOR  HANDICRAFTSMEN  AND  AMATEURS. 


CONTENTS. 

Mechanical  Drawing — Casting  and  Founding  in  Iron,  Brass,  Bronze, 
and  other  Alloys — Forging  and  Finishing  Iron — Sheetmetal  Working 
— Soldering,  Brazing,  and  Burning — Carpentry  and  Joinery,  embracing 
descriptions  of  some  400  Woods,  over  200  Illustrations  of  Tools  and 
their  uses,  Explanations  (with  Diagrams)  of  116  joints  and  hinges,  and 
Details  of  Construction  of  Workshop  appliances,  rough  furniture, 
Garden  and  Yard  Erections,  and  House  Building — Cabinet-Making 
and  Veneering — Carving  and  Fretcutting  —  Upholstery  —  Painting, 
Graining,  and  Marbling  —  Staining  Furniture,  Woods,  Floors,  and 
Fittings — Gilding,  dead  and  bright,  on  various  grounds — Polishing 
Marble,  Metals,  and  Wood — Varnishing — Mechanical  movements, 
illustrating  contrivances  for  transmitting  motion — Turning  in  Wood 
and  Metals — Masonry,  embracing  Stonework,  Brickwork,  Terracotta, 
and  Concrete — Roofing  with  Thatch,  Tiles,  Slates,  Felt,  Zinc,  &c. — 
Glazing  with  and  without  putty,  and  lead  glazing — Plastering  and 
Whitewashing —  Paper-hanging —  Gas-fitting — Bell-hanging,  ordinary 
and  electric  Systems  —  Lighting  —  Warming  —  Ventilating  —  Roads, 
Pavements,  and  Bridges  —  Hedges,  Ditches,  and  Drains  —  Water 
Supply  and  Sanitation— Hints  on  House  Construction  suited  to  new 
countries. 

London:  E.  &  F.  N.  SPON,  125,  Strand. 

New  York :   35,  Murray  Street. 


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